北京市不同功能区冬季道路扬尘排放特征

以北京市东城区、朝阳区、顺义区、平谷区分别代表首都功能核心区、城市功能拓展区、城市发展新区、生态涵养区,分析四大功能区冬季道路扬尘排放特征。采用AP-42方法和移动式检测系统对各功能区不同类型道路采集扬尘数据,建立各功能区道路扬尘排放清单,并利用ArcGIS中的北京市路网数据制作各功能区道路扬尘排放空间分布图。结果表明:核心区、拓展区的各类型道路积尘负荷平均值为支路>次干道>主干道>快速路;发展新区、生态涵养区的各类型道路积尘负荷平均值为村道>乡道>县道>省道>国道。核心区、拓展区的道路扬尘排放总量较小,而单位面积道路扬尘排放量较大;发展新区、生态涵养区的道路扬尘排放总量较大,而单位面积道路扬尘排放量较小。     

基于MBBR技术的白酒窖底废水与低C/N生活污水协同处理系统的构建及功能微生物分析

为解决低C/N污水和高浓度白酒废水(HCBW)处理所面临的问题,采用移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR),构建了白酒窖底废水与模拟低C/N生活污水协同处理系统,以改性海绵填料和流化床填料分别探究HCBW作为反硝化外加碳源对低C/N生活污水处理的影响。结果表明：海绵填料协同处理系统(A1)对COD、${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $-N、TN和色度的平均去除率分别为91.29%、99.08%、89.81%和80.66%,流化床填料系统(A2)的平均去除率分别为90.51%、98.58%、75.73%和76.07%,改性海绵填料的去除效果优于流化床填料;混合废水经过MBBR系统处理后,${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $和TN得到了有效去除,出水中的醇类、硫酸盐和磷酸盐物质的相对比例有一定程度增加;协同处理系统A1和A2的硝化优势菌属均为Nakamurella、Nitrospira,反硝化优势菌属均为Amaricoccus、Dokdonella和Thermomonas,可能参与有机物去除的优势功能菌属均为Micropruina。通过功能预测得出：协同处理系统A1、A2中的主要代谢通路均为氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和能量代谢,主要的环境信息处理通路均为复制与修复和转译,主要的遗传信息处理通路均为膜运输。以上研究结果可为HCBW的资源化利用、低C/N生活污水处理提供参考。     

利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术考察温度对生物脱氮硝化过程中亚硝酸盐氧化菌代谢功能的影响

为探究温度对生物脱氮硝化过程微生物代谢及功能基因的影响,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,以富集的亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)为研究对象,考察了活性污泥系统硝化过程中菌属与比亚硝酸盐氧化速率(SNiOR)的相关性。通过LEfSe分析筛选出3种温度(25、35和40℃)条件下的生物标记物,并利用KEGG数据库解析了微生物的代谢功能、氮代谢相关酶类型及相对丰度。结果表明,在3种温度条件下,NOB富集系统内的Nitrospira是SNiOR的唯一影响因子,且两者呈现显著的正相关性,Spearman相关系数(ρ)为0.95。此外,在温度条件为25、35和40℃时,分别筛选出14种、6种和8种生物标记物,显著优势菌分别是Xanthomonadales目、Sphingomonadales目和Gammaproteobacteria纲。以上结果说明：温度对微生物的代谢功能具有一定程度的影响,低温有利于碳水化合物代谢、能量代谢;较高温度会抑制能量代谢,NOB丰度降低;随着温度的升高,亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶(nxr)类基因(nxrA和nxrB)的数量基本保持不变。     

云南大理洱源西湖浮游植物功能群季节演替特征

为探讨云南大理洱源西湖浮游植物功能群特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2019年9月—2020年8月每月采集浮游植物样品及水环境指标,采用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数和浮游植物功能群分类法评价洱源西湖水体富营养化程度及探讨浮游植物的季节演替特征。结果表明：洱源西湖为低透明度且浊水状态的富营养化水体;研究期间共镜检鉴定出浮游植物7门72属,划分为23个浮游植物功能群,其中MP〔颤藻（Oscillatoria sp.）〕、S1〔伪鱼腥藻（Anabaenopsis sp.）〕、H1〔鱼腥藻（Dolichospermum sp.）〕和S_N〔拟柱胞藻（Cylindrospermopsis sp.）〕为优势功能群,其均为蓝藻门的丝状藻类;秋季浮游植物主要以颤藻、拟柱胞藻为主,冬季和春季主要以伪鱼腥藻和颤藻为主,而夏季主要以颤藻和鱼腥藻为主;冗余分析结果显示,洱源西湖浮游植物功能群演替的关键环境因子为水温、pH、正磷酸盐浓度与可溶性总磷浓度,尤其是可溶解性磷（主要为 PO₄ ³⁻-P）浓度变化促成了优势功能群的季节演替。洱源西湖的富营养化状态为丝状蓝藻占优势且藻类结构单一。

     

基于震后低压变化的供水管网功能可靠度分析

供水管网的抗震功能是指供水管网在地震作用下能够满足震后城市特定用水需要(需水量和水压)的能力。地震发生后,供水管网一般处于低压供水状态,使得管网中部分用户的水压和水量不能得到全部满足,导致管网部分节点的实际配水量小于需水量。为此,在传统的管网水力分析基础上考虑节点流量随节点水压的动态变化,通过求解非线性水力方程组,得到管网节点实际流量和水压;同时,借鉴结构可靠度分析方法,引入供水管网系统随机水力模型,给出了震后供水管网功能可靠度分析的一次二阶矩方法。以一实际管网为例,演示了震后低压供水时管网功能可靠度分析的应用方法。     

A metal-OH group modification strategy to prepare highly-hydrophobic MIL-53-Al for efficient acetone capture under humid conditions

A series of highly-hydrophobic MIL-53-Al (MIL = Materials of Institut Lavoisier) frameworks synthesized via decoration of the Al-OH groups by alkyl phosphonic acid were developed as adsorbents for removing acetone from humid gas streams. The newly prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their adsorption behaviors toward acetone vapor under dry and wet conditions were studied subsequently. Results showed that alkyl phosphonic acid was successfully grafted into MIL-53-Al skeleton through coordinating interaction with Al³⁺ generating [email protected]_x (x = 12, 14, 18). The [email protected]_x exhibited similar crystal structure and thermal stability to parent MIL-53-Al. Furthermore, the modified materials showed significantly enhanced hydrophobicity. The water vapor uptake of [email protected]₁₄ decreased by 72.55% at 75% relative humidity (RH). Dynamic adsorption experiments demonstrated that water vapor had almost no effect on the acetone adsorption performance of [email protected]₁₄. Under the condition of 90% RH, the acetone adsorption capacity of [email protected]₁₄ was 102.98% higher than that of MIL-53-Al. Notably, [email protected]₁₄ presented excellent adsorption reversibility and regeneration performance in 10 adsorption-desorption cycles. Taken together, the strategy of metal-OH group modification is an attractive way to improve the acetone adsorption performance over metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) under humid conditions. Besides, [email protected]₁₄ would be deemed as a promising candidate for capturing acetone in high moisture environment.     

Using environmental and geographic data to optimize ex situ collections and preserve evolutionary potential

Maintenance of biodiversity through seed banks and botanical gardens, where the wealth of species’ genetic variation may be preserved ex situ, is a major goal of conservation. However, challenges can persist in optimizing ex situ collections if trade-offs exist among cost, effort, and conserving species evolutionary potential, particularly when genetic data are not available. We evaluated the genetic consequences of population preservation informed by geographic (isolation by distance [IBD]) and environmental (isolation by environment [IBE]) distance for ex situ collections for which population provenance is available. We used 19 genetic and genomic data sets from 15 plant species to assess the proportion of population genetic differentiation explained by geographic and environmental factors and to simulate ex situ collections prioritizing source populations based on pairwise geographic distance, environmental distance, or both. Specifically, we tested the impact prioritizing sampling based on these distances may have on the capture of neutral, functional, or putatively adaptive genetic diversity and differentiation. Individually, IBD and IBE explained limited population genetic differences across all 3 genetic marker classes (IBD, 10–16%; IBE, 1–5.5%). Together, they explained a substantial proportion of population genetic differences for functional (45%) and adaptive (71%) variation. Simulated ex situ collections revealed that inclusion of IBD, IBE, or both increased allelic diversity and genetic differentiation captured among populations, particularly for loci that may be important for adaptation. Thus, prioritizing population collections based on environmental and geographic distance data can optimize genetic variation captured ex situ. For the vast majority of plant species for which there is no genetic information, these data are invaluable to conservation because they can guide preservation of genetic variation needed to maintain evolutionary potential within collections.     

Change in avian functional fingerprints of a Neotropical montane forest over 100 years as an indicator of ecosystem integrity

Ecologically relevant traits of organisms in an assemblage determine an ecosystem's functional fingerprint (i.e., the shape, size, and position of multidimensional trait space). Quantifying changes in functional fingerprints can therefore provide information about the effects of diversity loss or gain through time on ecosystem condition and is a promising approach to monitoring ecological integrity. This, however, is seldom possible owing to limitations in historical surveys and a lack of data on organismal traits, particularly in diverse tropical regions. Using data from detailed bird surveys from 4 periods across more than a century, and morphological and ecological traits of 233 species, we quantified changes in the avian functional fingerprint of a tropical montane forest in the Andes of Colombia. We found that 78% of the variation in functional space, regardless of period, was described by 3 major axes summarizing body size, dispersal ability (indexed by wing shape), and habitat breadth. Changes in species composition significantly altered the functional fingerprint of the assemblage and functional richness and dispersion decreased 35–60%. Owing to species extirpations and to novel additions to the assemblage, functional space decreased over time, but at least 11% of its volume in the 2010s extended to areas of functional space that were unoccupied in the 1910s. The assemblage now includes fewer large-sized species, more species with greater dispersal ability, and fewer habitat specialists. Extirpated species had high functional uniqueness and distinctiveness, resulting in large reductions in functional richness and dispersion after their loss, which implies important consequences for ecosystem integrity. Conservation efforts aimed at maintaining ecosystem function must move beyond seeking to sustain species numbers to designing complementary strategies for the maintenance of ecological function by identifying and conserving species with traits conferring high vulnerability such as large body size, poor dispersal ability, and greater habitat specialization. Article impact statement: Changes in functional fingerprints provide a means to quantify the integrity of ecological assemblages affected by diversity loss or gain.     

Trait‐based prediction of extinction risk of small‐bodied freshwater fishes

Small body size is generally correlated with r‐selected life‐history traits, including early maturation, short‐generation times, and rapid growth rates, that result in high population turnover and a reduced risk of extinction. Unlike other classes of vertebrates, however, small freshwater fishes appear to have an equal or greater risk of extinction than large fishes. We explored whether particular traits explain the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List conservation status of small‐bodied freshwater fishes from 4 temperate river basins: Murray‐Darling, Australia; Danube, Europe; Mississippi‐Missouri, North America; and the Rio Grande, North America. Twenty‐three ecological and life‐history traits were collated for all 171 freshwater fishes of ≤120 mm total length. We used generalized linear mixed‐effects models to assess which combination of the 23 traits best explained whether a species was threatened or not threatened. We used the best models to predict the probability of 29 unclassified species being listed as threatened. With and without controlling for phylogeny at the family level, small body size—among small‐bodied species—was the most influential trait correlated with threatened species listings. The k‐folds cross‐validation demonstrated that body size and a random effect structure that included family predicted the threat status with an accuracy of 78% (SE 0.5). We identified 10 species likely to be threatened that are not listed as such on the IUCN Red List. Small body size is not a trait that provides universal resistance to extinction, particularly for vertebrates inhabiting environments affected by extreme habitat loss and fragmentation. We hypothesize that this is because small‐bodied species have smaller home ranges, lower dispersal capabilities, and heightened ecological specialization relative to larger vertebrates. Trait data and further model development are needed to predict the IUCN conservation status of the over 11,000 unclassified freshwater fishes, especially those under threat from proposed dam construction in the world's most biodiverse river basins.     

Trait space of rare plants in a fire‐dependent ecosystem

The causes of species rarity are of critical concern because of the high extinction risk associated with rarity. Studies examining individual rare species have limited generality, whereas trait‐based approaches offer a means to identify functional causes of rarity that can be applied to communities with disparate species pools. Differences in functional traits between rare and common species may be indicative of the functional causes of species rarity and may therefore be useful in crafting species conservation strategies. However, there is a conspicuous lack of studies comparing the functional traits of rare species and co‐occurring common species. We measured 18 important functional traits for 19 rare and 134 common understory plant species from North Carolina's Sandhills region and compared their trait distributions to determine whether there are significant functional differences that may explain species rarity. Flowering, fire, and tissue‐chemistry traits differed significantly between rare and common, co‐occurring species. Differences in specific traits suggest that fire suppression has driven rarity in this system and that changes to the timing and severity of prescribed fire may improve conservation success. Our method provides a useful tool to prioritize conservation efforts in other systems based on the likelihood that rare species are functionally capable of persisting.