电活性生物膜阳极构建及其对2，4，6-三氯酚同步降解和产电

为实现氯酚（CPs）的高效降解和资源化利用,探究微生物燃料电池（MFC）体系优势功能菌,揭示生物降解路径.接种、驯化长春市南郊污水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥,获得生物膜阳极以构筑MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系,基于扫描电子电镜（SEM）、16S rRNA分析测序方法,考察生物膜阳极微生物的附着情况和优势菌种,基于电化学阻抗（EIS）、循环伏安（CV）和线性扫描伏安（LSV）等电化学分析手段,表征生物阳极的电化学性能和氧化还原能力.结果表明,生物膜阳极微生物种类丰富,其中Geobacter和Acinetobacter分别为MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系产电和降解驯化期的优势功能菌,体系最大输出电压可达0.55 V,最大功率密度为428.65 mW·m-2,对2,4,6-TCP的降解和矿化率可达97.5%和85.4%.随着MFC循环次数的增加,微生物代谢途径多样化,产电菌逐渐演替为协同菌,且优势功能菌对2,4,6-TCP降解的中间产物（环己醇）,其毒性远低于氯酚或苯酚,更利于被微生物利用.该结果可为氯酚废水的实际处理提供新策略和技术参考.     

高效石油降解菌修复石油污染土壤与强化机制分析

利用定向驯化高效石油降解菌系对石油污染土壤进行为期120 d原位修复,考察生物强化修复效果、土壤理化性质和酶活性的变化,结合宏基因组测序及生物信息学分析揭示其强化机制.结果表明,与空白对照组(Ctrl)相比,生物修复组(Exp-BT)总石油烃降解率显著提升,增幅达81.23%; 高效石油降解菌生物强化修复期间土壤pH变化稳定,体系氧化能力提高,电导率处于适宜农业活动范围内; 脂肪酶和脱氢酶在修复期间保持较高活性; 另对初始污染土壤样本(B0)、驯化所得高效石油降解菌系样本(GZ)和生物修复后土壤样本(BT)的分析显示,门水平上变形菌门与放线菌门相对丰度增加17.1%,属水平上Nocardioides、Achromobacter、Gordonia和Rhodococcus等丰度明显上升,COG和KEGG物种与功能贡献度分析证明以上菌属对石油烃降解有重要贡献; 修复后土壤中发现高丰度的石油烃相关代谢酶及5个降解基因:alkM、tamA、rubB、ladA 和alkB,分析表明外源石油烃降解菌群的引入增强了微生物相关酶的代谢活性与相应功能基因的表达.     

排放和气象对疫情前后武汉不同类型点位大气污染物的影响

采用随机森林算法剥离了排放和气象对6种大气污染物(SO₂、 NO₂、 CO、 PM₁₀、 PM_2.5和O₃)浓度的贡献,识别了疫情前后武汉市中心城区、郊区、工业区、三环线交通点和城市背景点这5种类型点位的大气污染物浓度变化.结果表明,与管控前相比,管控期间PM_2.5/CO、 PM₁₀/CO和NO₂/CO分别减小了10.8～21.7、 9.34～24.7和14.4～22.1倍,表明排放对PM_2.5、 PM₁₀和NO₂贡献减小;O₃/CO增加了50.1～61.5倍,表明二次生成增加明显.解除管控后排放对各类污染物的贡献均增加.管控期间,受一些不可间断工序的运行影响,工业区PM_2.5降幅最小(20.5%).与管控期间相比,解除管控后居民生活、交通出行和工业生产等基本恢复,使5种类型站点PM_2.5     

Responses of plant, insect and spider biodiversity to local and landscape scale management intensity in cereal crops and grasslands

The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of landscape scale management intensity, agroecosystem type, local management intensity and edges on diversity patterns of functional groups of plants, carabid beetles, spiders and grasshoppers. Nine landscapes were selected differing in percent intensively used agricultural area (IAA), each with a pair of organic and conventional winter wheat fields and a pair of organic and conventional mown meadows. Within fields, plants were surveyed in the edge and in the interior. Carabid beetles and spiders were captured by funnel traps, while grasshoppers were sweep-netted in the meadows. Diversity patterns of study organisms were affected both by local variables (local management, agroecosystem type and within-field position) and by landscape scale management intensity. Species richness of grasses, presumably because of sowing low-diversity mixtures, and hunting spiders decreased with percent cover of IAA. Meadows differed from wheat fields in that they had higher species richness of forbs and grasses, as well as higher densities of hunting spiders. In contrast, more carabid individuals, especially of non-carnivore species, were captured in wheat fields. In field edges with their reduced management intensity and increased immigration, species richness of plants, carabids and spiders was higher than in the interiors regardless of agroecosystem type and management. Organic management enhanced forb richness and cover in both agroecosystem types. Organic management also increased grass cover in wheat fields, but not in meadows, and promoted species richness of non-carnivore carabids and hunting spiders, but not grasshoppers. The results show that agri-environmental management needs to be targeted to the agroecosystem's field size, because higher edge area led to higher species richness. Organic management affected several functional groups positively (forbs, non-carnivore carabids, hunting spiders), while lower landscape scale management intensity only increased species richness of grasses and spiders. The great differences in responses of functional groups to local cereal and grassland as well as landscape management suggest implementing more scale and group specific targets for agri-environmental schemes to improve their efficiency.     

硫酸盐还原颗粒污泥对Cr的吸附机理解析

以硫酸盐还原颗粒污泥作为研究对象,进行Cr的吸附容量研究及吸附等温线拟合,测定颗粒污泥中的硫化物含量、对比实验前后颗粒污泥的表面形态和微生物组成并采用傅里叶红外变换光谱(FTIR)分析颗粒污泥的表面基团。结果表明,颗粒污泥对Cr的吸附容量为6.84 mg/g,吸附过程可用Langmuir吸附等温式描述。颗粒污泥中硫化物含量达9.868 mg/g(湿重),对应每克颗粒污泥对Cr的最大吸附量可达10.69 mg;颗粒污泥表面生长大量的微生物,以杆菌为主,颗粒污泥表面丰富的微孔结构及微生物所分泌的胞外物均可有效吸附溶液中的Cr;FTIR分析结果显示,颗粒污泥中包含大量C=O、C-N及-S等基团,这些基团均可通过与C(rⅥ)或C(rⅢ)之间的静电吸附作用吸附溶液中的Cr。研究表明化学与生物吸附作用在硫酸盐还原颗粒污泥吸附溶液中的Cr过程中起到了重要的作用。     

京津冀天然源挥发性有机物排放研究

为探明2017年京津冀地区天然源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的空间分布,将研究区划分成3 km分辨率的格网,并通过WRF模型提供气象驱动数据,MODIS影像提供植被功能类型和叶面积指数,最终利用MEGAN模型进行模拟研究.结果表明,该模型将BVOCs分成147个细类,其中主要有异戊二烯、单萜烯41类、半萜烯32类、其他VOC73类.2017年京津冀地区BVOCs排放总量为426.26×10~3 t,四大类别的排放比例依次为29.38%、12.32%、6.24%、52.05%.单萜烯中排放较高的类别是α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、t-β-罗勒烯,而半萜烯中排放较高的是α-法呢烯和β-石竹烯.整个研究区域内BVOCs排放较高的区域位于北部森林与灌丛分布密集的燕山山脉和西南的太行山山脉,其中主要的城市有承德、北京、张家口、保定、石家庄等.排放量较低的地区为廊坊、衡水、天津等地.本研究通过模型模拟得到了京津冀地区2017年高时空分辨率BVOCs排放清单,同时可为以后的大气环境研究提供基础数据.     

基于好氧甲烷氧化菌的反硝化效能及微生物群落研究

采用气体循环序批式生物膜反应器（gcSBBR）,构建反硝化型甲烷好氧氧化（AME-D）系统.考察了进水氮负荷的影响,发现氮负荷为0.075kg/（m³·d）时,硝酸盐氮去除率达到98.93%,其反硝化速率为74.25mg/（L·d）,系统的甲烷日平均消耗量为35.91%（初期为50%）;扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析结果显示,系统中的微生物主要以短杆菌（12~18 μm）为主,并存在少量的丝状菌（长150~200μm）;16S rRNA高通量测序结果显示,该系统中的甲烷氧化菌为Methylocaldum、Methylomonas、Methylococcus和Methylococcaceae_unclassified,反硝化菌为Denitratisoma、Hydrogenophaga、Azoarcus、Thiobacillus和Rhodobacter,其中主要的功能微生物为Methylocaldum、Denitratisoma和Hydrogenophaga,系统对氮的去除是由好氧甲烷氧化菌与反硝化菌协同实现.此外,系统中存在大量以甲醇和甲基胺类物质为生长基质的Methylophilaceae_uncultured（30.4%）.     

呼伦贝尔沙区土壤细菌群落结构与功能预测

以呼伦贝尔沙区裸沙地、草地、沙地樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica）人工林和沙地樟子松天然林四种生境土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查、16S rRNA基因高通量测序和PICRUSt功能预测相结合的研究方法比较分析不同生境土壤细菌群落结构和潜在功能组成特征.结果显示：呼伦贝尔沙区沙地樟子松天然林土壤细菌多样性最高,人工林土壤细菌多样性最低,Shannon指数分别为（8.623±0.193）和（7.432±0.028）,不同生境土壤细菌alpha和beta多样性存在显著差异.草地、沙地樟子松人工林和天然林土壤中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）相对丰度最高,均值分别为29.83%±1.14%、34.73%±1.99%、31.95%±0.21%,裸沙地土壤放线菌门（Actinobacteria）相对丰度最高,均值为26.13%±0.43%.不同生境土壤细菌主要优势属为慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）、RB41,其相对丰度在四种生境中的均值分别为5.29%±2.24%、4.22%±1.23%.PICRUSt功能预测共得到6个一级功能层,40个二级功能层,土壤细菌功能较为丰富,土壤细菌群落在环境信息处理、代谢、遗传信息处理和有机系统方面功能活跃.沙地樟子松天然林核苷酸代谢、酶家族、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢功能基因较为丰富,保证了沙地樟子松天然林土壤细菌的存活,使其具有较高的多样性.呼伦贝尔沙区不同生境土壤细菌功能基因丰度波动,反映了四种生境的土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的变化,指示了不同生境功能基因对土壤细菌群落的影响规律,可为预测和理解沙区土壤细菌代谢潜力和功能提供参考借鉴.     

The thermal transformation mechanism of chlorinated paraffins: An experimental and density functional theory study

The increasing production and usage of chlorinated paraffins(CPs) correspondently increase the amount of CPs that experience thermal processes. Our previous study revealed that a significant amount of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(MCCPs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) as well as aromatic and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(Cl-PAHs) were formed synergistically during the thermal decomposition of CP-52(a class of CP products).However, the transformation mechanisms of CP-52 to these compounds are still not very clear.This article presents a mechanistic analysis on the decomposition of CP-52 experimentally and theoretically. It was found that CP-52 initially undergoes dehydrochlorination and carbon chain cleavage and it transformed into chlorinated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Cyclization and aromatization were the most accessible pathways at low temperatures(200–400°C), both of which produce mostly aromatic hydrocarbons. As the temperature exceeds 400°C, the hydrocarbons could decompose into small molecules, and the subsequent radical-induced reactions become the predominant pathways, leading to the formation of Cl-PAHs. The decomposition of CP-52 was investigated by using density functional theory and calculations demonstrating the feasibility and rationality of PCB and PCN formation from chlorobenzene. The results improve the understanding of the transformation processes from CP-52 to SCCPs and Cl-PAHs as well as provide data for reducing their emissions during thermal-related processes.