塔里木盆地南缘克里雅绿洲土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究

以塔里木盆地南缘克里雅绿洲作为典型区,分析1991-2001年土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。研究结果表明,克里雅绿洲在1991-2001年土地利用变化很明显,生态服务价值从1991年的10．004×10^8元降到20,01年的8．792×10。元,生态服务价值损失了12％,平均每年净损失生态服务价值32．2元／hm^2湿地生态服务价值的变化最大,变化率高达-37．54％。湿地、水体面积变化的绝对量高、生态服务功能价值指数大是导致研究区生态系统服务总价值降低的主要原因。敏感性分析结果表明,克里雅绿洲生态服务价值对生态服务功能指数是缺乏弹性的,研究结果是可信的,可为研究区土地利用规划提供借鉴。     

正射影像图的制作在土地利用现状中的应用

本实验旨在利用高分辨率遥感卫星影像,通过遥感技术手段,制作出高精度的正射影象并采用ERDAS和ArcGIS软件平台（评测版）,来实现更新土地利用现状图,查清监测区的土地利用现状与环境监测、地质灾害情况。为今后高效、客观、准确地开展年度土地变更调查和环境保护工作奠定坚实的基础和做好技术储备。主要任务利用近期航空遥感数据制作监测区1：2000-1：5000标准分幅DOM;提取监测区土地利用现状图成图及其至今的土地利用变化信息;为环境监测、城市可持续发展、研究城市发展的动态监测等提供依据。构建和更新监测区土地资源管理数据库中的土地利用现状数据库。     

1987-2006年厦门市土地利用变化检测分析

通过对厦门市五个时相的土地利用变化检测,分析了厦门市1987年-2006年间各分区的土地利用变化及各地类在各年间的变化情况,并分析其变化原因.     

土地利用规划环境影响评价若干问题探讨

土地利用规划环境影响评价的作用是为了实现土地的规划和环境相互适应、相互协调,为规划决策者提供一定的技术支撑。文章阐述了土地规划环境影响评价重要意义、内容及相关程序,同时也对此提出了针对性的建议,积极推进及完善土地利用规划环境影响评价在现阶段十分必要。     

天津地区相对海平面变化最新进展及发展趋势分析

相对海平面上升是一个缓慢、渐进过程,但长期的积累可以使得上升幅度相当可观,从而加剧风暴潮、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵和咸潮等灾害致灾程度。基于验潮位监测和卫星观测结果显示,全球海平面在20世纪中期平均上升1.5~2.0 mm/a,而近30年中国沿海海平面上升速率为2.6~2.7 mm/a,高于全球平均值。渤海湾天津地区由于地面沉降显著,而导致相对海平面大幅度上升。滨海地区地面沉降速率在未来50至100年内可能会稳定在1.0~2.0 cm/a范围,结合目前海平面上升速率2.7 mm/a,总的相对海平面上升速率处于12.7~22.7 mm/a范围。由此估计,到2050年,天津地区相对海平面将比2012年高出48.3~86.3 cm,而到2100年,将比2012年高出111.8~199.8 cm。     

基于城市功能区划分的道路机动车大气污染物排放清单研究——以厦门市海沧区为例

道路机动车尾气排放是造成城市近地面空气污染的主要原因之一,建立基于城市功能区划分的道路机动车大气污染物排放清单对改善中观尺度的城市空气质量具有重要辅助作用.本文以厦门市海沧区为例,基于城市功能区划分方法,结合各功能区内监测道路的机动车通行量实测数据,建立道路机动车大气污染物排放清单,并分析各功能区道路机动车大气污染物排放特征.结果发现,海沧区道路机动车尾气排放物中CO的排放贡献率最高,工业区和居住区的道路机动车大气污染物排放量对海沧区的空气污染贡献率最大,海沧区夜间大气污染物的主要排放源来自于工业区道路机动车大气污染物排放;生态服务区及公共管理与公共服务区的道路机动车排放特征受相邻工业区机动车大气污染物排放的影响较为显著.研究表明:城市功能区分布欠合理是导致道路机动车大气污染物高排放量的重要原因之一;基于城市功能区划分构建道路机动车大气污染物排放清单的研究方法,不仅可为中观尺度下的城市大气污染排放情况提供有效的调查途径,而且能为城市功能格局的合理规划提供重要的理论依据.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

Fatal pedestrian crashes on interstates and other freeways in the United States

Introduction: More than 800 pedestrians die annually in crashes on interstates and other freeways in the United States, but few studies have examined their characteristics. Method: Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System on pedestrians fatally injured during 2015–2017 were analyzed. Chi-square tests compared characteristics of pedestrians killed on interstates and other freeways with those that died on other roads, and across crash types among freeway deaths. Land use characteristics of locations where pedestrians were killed while crossing freeways in a large state (California) were identified using Google Earth. Results: A larger proportion of pedestrians killed on freeways died on dark and unlit roads (48% vs. 32%), were male (78% vs. 68%), or were ages 20–44 (55% vs. 32%) compared with pedestrians killed on other roads. Crossing (42%) was the most common crash type among pedestrian deaths on freeways, followed by disabled-vehicle-related crashes (18%). Pedestrians who died while crossing more often had blood alcohol concentrations ≥ 0.08 g/dL (40%) than those in disabled-vehicle-related (22%) or other crashes (34%). Deaths in crossing crashes were more likely than other freeway deaths to occur on urban roads (81%), at speed limits ≤50 mph (13%), or between 18:00 and 23:59 (49%), and 58% of crossing crashes analyzed for land use were located between residential and other (e.g., commercial, recreational) uses. Over a third (37%) of deaths in disabled-vehicle-related crashes occurred at speed limits ≥70 mph. Conclusions: A surprising proportion of pedestrian deaths occur on controlled-access roads not designed for walking. Countermeasures for these crashes need to be implemented to see meaningful reductions in pedestrian fatalities overall. Practical applications: Improving roadway and vehicle lighting, requiring reflective warning devices for marking disabled vehicles, constructing pedestrian overpasses and underpasses in areas frequently crossed, and promoting alternative means of traveling between residential and commercial areas could help.     

Can we gain precision by sampling with probabilities proportional to size in surveying recent landscape changes in the Netherlands?

Seventy-two squares of 100 ha were selected by stratified random sampling with probabilities proportional to size (pps) to survey landscape changes in the period 1996–2003. The area of the plots times the urbanization pressure was used as a size measure. The central question of this study is whether the sampling with probabilities proportional to size leads to gain in precision compared to equal probability sampling. On average 1.03 isolated buildings per 100 ha have been built, while 0.90 buildings per 100 ha have been removed, leading to a net change of 0.13 building per 100 ha. The area with unspoiled natural relief has been reduced by 2.3 ha per 100 ha, and the length of linear relicts by 137 m per 100 ha. On average 74 m of linear green elements have been planted per 100 ha, while 106 m have been removed, leading to a net change of −31 m per 100 ha. For the state variables ‘unspoiled natural relief', ‘ linear relicts', ‘removed linear green elements', and ‘new – removed linear green elements' there is a gain in precision due to the pps-sampling. For the remaining state variables there is no gain or even a loss of precision (`new buildings', ‘removed buildings', ‘new – removed buildings', ‘new linear green elements'). Therefore, if many state variables must be monitored or when interest is not only in the change but also in the current totals, we recommend to keep things simple, and to select plots with equal probability.     

Estimation of Land Use Specific Runoff and Pollutant Concentration for Tapi River Basin in India

Non-point source (NPS) pollution is the result of various land use practices such as agriculture, sites of construction and waste disposal, urban development and so on. The control of NPS pollution is possible by regular monitoring and assessment on watershed basis to educate people for implementing well-known structural and non-structural measures. Recent trend is to use GIS based modelling tool for assessment of rainfall-runoff and non-point loading. The approach requires generation and analysis of basin wide data on various features of land and estimates of Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) of pollutants in the runoff. In the present paper, basin wide data in different districts of Tapi basin has been analysed for land use distribution; fertilizer application; low, medium and high-density habitation; and annual rainfall. Coefficients of runoff have been estimated considering pervious and impervious area for different land use types, and compared with the reported values for Indian conditions. The estimated mean annual runoff flow indicated that two districts Jalgaon and Dhule contribute maximum runoff to the Tapi River. Estimates of EMCs for BOD and nutrients (N and P) in the runoff from various districts are useful in GIS-based modelling study for NPS pollution assessment.