烧结金属催化材料净化印刷工艺中VOCs废气的试验研究

采用以烧结金属粉末微孔过滤材料为吸附材料和催化剂基体、CuMn／γ-Al2O3为催化剂的烧结金属催化净化装置,可实现对VOCs废气的有效去除。实验室试验表明：苯、甲苯和二甲苯的催化转化率均随温度的升高而增加。在250℃以上,甲苯和二甲苯的催化转化率高于99％;在280℃以上,苯的催化转化率高于99％。空速为2．0s^-1时催化荆的催化转化率要较空速为3．0s^-1时高。现场试验表明：在300℃左右,VOCs气体经过由烧结金属催化材料刺成的金属过滤器后,苯、甲苯、二甲苯的去除率均高于99％。经金属过滤器处理后,苯、甲苯、二甲苯的排放浓度可低于北京市《大气污染物综合排放标准》DB11／501—2007中的排放限值排放。     

Preparation of n-Octadecane@MF resin microPCMs and its application in temperature control of esterification reactions

Reaction thermal runaway accidents occur frequently and occupy a high proportion in chemical accidents. Reducing accidents by controlling reaction temperature is of great implication to enhance the safety level of chemical processes. Phase change materials (PCMs) have a good energy storage potential, which can rapidly convert the reaction exotherm in the reaction process into its own phase change latent heat, urgently control the reaction temperature, and enhance the process thermal safety level. In this study, using n-octadecane as the core and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin as the shell, microencapsulated phase change materials (microPCMs) was made, which has a smooth spherical shape, good thermal stability, and a phase change enthalpy up to 162.87 J/g. The homogeneous esterification reaction of 2-butanol (2 B) and propionic anhydride (PA) was selected as the target reaction, and then the reaction was scaled up equivalently to investigate the effect of amplification to the reaction system. The results indicated that the temperature control of the esterification reaction system by microPCMs is the synergy between physical inhibition and chemical inhibition. The reaction temperature could be controlled by adding microPCMs, and the temperature control effect improved with the increase of microPCMs addition. In large scale reactors, microPCMs still has certain temperature control ability after being added.     

工程材料的环境影响定量评价研究

本文系统讨论了工程材料对可持续发展社会的影响和作用。归纳和提出了材料三角形,即材料的功能性、环境性和经济性的相互关系。以可持续发展思想为核心,阐述了环境材料与教育的关系。另一方面,明确定义了等效环境指数（Ｉｉ）、环境因子（ＥＦｋ）、环境负荷（ＥＬＶ）三个术语,从而给出具体材料的环境影响定量评价值。最后计算了某些工程材料的环境负荷值。     

SCR钒基催化剂吸附氨和水的密度泛函研究

利用密度泛函理论和原子簇模型,对NH3和H2O分子在选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂表面不同吸附位上的吸附进行了研究.结果表明:NH3能吸附在V2O5表面的Lewis和Bronsted酸位,但在后者吸附位上更稳定.当V2O5以多聚物结构存在时,NH3能与O(1)H生成稳定的NH4 ,该物质在SCR反应中起着关键作用,吸附能为-128 kJ·mol-1;同时水也可与该吸附位形成稳定构型,吸附能为-97 kJ·mol-1.在V2O5表面,水与NH3的吸附能相当,两者发生竞争吸附,从而在一定程度上对SCR脱硝反应产生抑制作用.     

太子河流域大型底栖动物功能摄食类群与环境要素的关系

根据2009年8月太子河流域野外调查数据,分析了大型底栖动物的5个主要功能摄食类群的组成,包括直接收集者(gc)、捕食者(pr)、过滤收集者(fc)、撕食者(sh)和刮食者(sc),研究结果表明,太子河大型底栖动物以gc为主,占底栖动物总个体数的85.5%,其次为fc、sh、sc和pr,分别占总个体数的6.0%、3.0%、5.5%和0.0%,并且gc对人为干扰的耐受性较强,pr、sh、sc对环境条件变化较为敏感.通过5种功能摄食类群的相对丰度与水质因子相关分析,分析结果表明,海拔、水温、电导率、总氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮与gc相关性较大;而海拔、水温、电导率、pH值、总氮、亚硝态氮与pr、sc和sh相关性较大.将土地利用格局与5种功能摄食类群进行逐步回归分析,结果表明,农田和河滩对gc影响显著;而农田对pr、sc和sh影响显著.     

垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞及其运行效果影响研究

在净化猪场沼液中开展了垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞过程及其运行效能变化的研究.结果表明,人工湿地堵塞的主要成因是由于填料层中不可滤过性物质的积累所致.不可滤过性物质是由有机物和无机物组成,且大部分不可滤过性物质的粒径均超过5.00 μm.填料层的孔隙率和水力传导系数均随系统运行时间的延长而减小,而填料层中被截留物质的含量则随系统运行时间的延长而增大,其空间变化特征均受到了系统中水力流态的影响;当系统HLR为0.02m3/(m2·d)时,VSSF在运行1380d后对猪场沼液的净化开始恶化,系统对COD、TSS、TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别降至37.31%、57.82%、20.80%、32.13%和51.18%.     

大肠杆菌与水体中U(Ⅵ)的作用行为和产物研究

通过批次吸附实验及介观和谱学等表征方法,研究了大肠杆菌(E.coli)粉末对水体中U(Ⅵ)的富集行为和吸附模型,并对其作用产物进行了详细分析.结果表明:大肠杆菌对初始浓度为50mg/L U(Ⅵ)溶液(pH＝5)的吸附容量可达到276.89mg/g.Langmuir等温模型和准二级动力学方程能较好的描述其吸附过程. FTIR、SEM-EDS、XRD分析结果表明:在与水体中U(VI)作用后,大肠杆菌表面检测出UO₂²⁺的红外特征峰(876.16cm^-1)和U的能谱吸收峰(结合能=2.4~4.4keV).UO₂²⁺主要与菌体表面的烷基、氨基、羧基、分子间氢键发生作用,重点与PO₂-、P(OH)₂、PO₄^3-以及PO₃^-等含P基团进行络合配位,最终产物以CaU(PO₄)₂、Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂·xH₂O、NaUO₂(PO₃)₃等铀的磷酸盐形式存在.     

基于大型底栖动物摄食群上的生态质量评价

基于2011年5月和9月航次获取的大型底栖动物和环境数据,采用建立在功能摄食群上的摄食均匀度指数（the feeding evenness index,j_FD）并辅以建立在群落结构指标上的多元AZTI海洋生物指数（Multivariate AZTI Marine Biological Index,M-AMBI）评价渤海湾生态质量状况.本研究将所有大型底栖动物划分为5个摄食群,但2个航次均未发现植食者.从物种丰富度的角度看,碎屑食者和肉食者占比最高;从栖息密度的角度看则是浮游生物食者占比最高,而杂食者则在上述两个指标中均占比最低.摄食均匀度指数值大都低于0.60,说明研究区大部分海域的大型底栖动物群落受到不同程度的干扰,生态环境质量较差,这可能与该海域所受到的人为干扰如陆源排污、围海造陆有关.与M-AMBI相比,二者指示的渤海湾生态质量状况基本一致,且均能敏感地响应渤海湾近岸河口至离岸海域的环境压力梯度.总体上来讲,j_FD适用于评价渤海湾的生态质量状况.     

Effects of Growth Form and Functional Traits on Response of Woody Plants to Clearing and Fragmentation of Subtropical Rainforest

The conservation implications of large‐scale rainforest clearing and fragmentation on the persistence of functional and taxonomic diversity remain poorly understood. If traits represent adaptive strategies of plant species to particular circumstances, the expectation is that the effect of forest clearing and fragmentation will be affected by species functional traits, particularly those related to dispersal. We used species occurrence data for woody plants in 46 rainforest patches across 75,000 ha largely cleared of forest by the early 1900s to determine the combined effects of area reduction, fragmentation, and patch size on the taxonomic structure and functional diversity of subtropical rainforest. We compiled species trait values for leaf area, seed dry mass, wood density, and maximum height and calculated species niche breadths. Taxonomic structure, trait values (means, ranges), and the functional diversity of assemblages of climbing and free‐standing plants in remnant patches were quantified. Larger rainforest patches had higher species richness. Species in smaller patches were taxonomically less related than species in larger patches. Free‐standing plants had a high percentage of frugivore dispersed seeds; climbers had a high proportion of small wind‐dispersed seeds. Connections between the patchy spatial distribution of free‐standing species, larger seed sizes, and dispersal syndrome were weak. Assemblages of free‐standing plants in patches showed more taxonomic and spatial structuring than climbing plants. Smaller isolated patches retained relatively high functional diversity and similar taxonomic structure to larger tracts of forest despite lower species richness. The response of woody plants to clearing and fragmentation of subtropical rainforest differed between climbers and slow‐growing mature‐phase forest trees but not between climbers and pioneer trees. Quantifying taxonomic structure and functional diversity provides an improved basis for conservation planning and management by elucidating the effects of forest‐area reduction and fragmentation. Efectos de la Forma de Crecimiento y Atributos Funcionales en la Respuesta de Plantas Leñosas al Desmonte y Fragmentación de Bosque Lluvioso Subtropical