滤料的应用及其发展

重点介绍原材料和纺织工艺对滤料发展的影响及国内外滤料发展的最新动向和最新的成果,指出了滤料发展存在的问题和今后发展的方向.     

Mechanical Performance and Design Criteria of Biodegradable Low-tunnel Films

The overall mechanical behaviour of a series of experimental Mater-Bi made thin low-tunnel films is analysed with respect to the effect of two major factors: the film processing optimisation during manufacturing and the design of the low-tunnels structural system. The analysis of the mechanical behaviour of the biodegradable low-tunnel films, based on the results of extensive full-scale and small-scale experiments, combined with laboratory testing of the mechanical properties of the film, proves that a rather good mechanical behaviour is possible for these films, comparable to the behaviour of conventional agricultural films in terms of strength, provided that two criteria are met: (a) the low tunnel structural design is based on the initial stress at yield value of the film, which represents the asymptotic value of the tensile strength of the film, following its evolution with the time of exposure to real field conditions; (b) the processing of the film is optimised for the particular biodegradable material and film thickness under consideration. It is also confirmed that the stabilisation schemes used with conventional polyethylene films are not suitable for the biodegradable films.

伶仃洋海域允许负荷研究

系统地研究了海域允许负荷的分析与计算方法。从海域污染物输入-水质响应关系出发,分析了伶仃洋沿岸污染物输入-海域水质响应的宏观规律,对污染源的重要性进行了排序,计算出了不同环境功能分区下海域允许负荷量,从而指出了该海域为实现其水质目标所应采取的污染控制方案。本成果为伶仃洋海域的污染控制提供了依据。      

活性炭表面酸性含氧官能团对吸附甲醛的影响

利用Bothem滴定法测定了化学浸渍处理的活性炭表面酸性含氧官能团浓度,研究表面酸性含氧官能团对甲醛吸附的效应。结果表明,HNO3浸渍处理能有效增大活性炭表面的羧基、酚羟基和内酯基浓度;H2O2浸渍处理主要增大了活性炭表面的酚羟基浓度;随着NaOH浓度的增大,活性炭表面的酚羟基、内酯基和羰基浓度大致呈先增大后减小的趋势,这是由于NaOH的化学清洗作用和酸碱中和反应所致;HNO3浸渍处理的活性炭表面的酸性含氧官能团浓度显著超过NaOH、H2O2浸渍处理的活性炭,而30%(质量分数)NaOH浸渍处理的活性炭和30%(体积分数)H2O2浸渍处理的活性炭吸附甲醛的饱和时间比HNO3浸渍处理的活性炭吸附甲醛最大饱和时间分别多4.0、1.5 h,说明酚羟基能够显著影响活性炭吸附甲醛的效果。     

烟草下脚料发酵制取乙醇

通过单因素实验考察了硫酸浓度、固液比和水解时间对硫酸水解的影响。结果显示最优条件为：硫酸浓度为50%（w/w）,固液比为10%（w/v）,时间为100 min。烟草下脚料在最佳硫酸水解条件下,经5倍稀释,中和pH值至5～6。取经过滤后的水解液（FH）用酿酒酵母（Sacchharomyces cerevisiae）发酵产生乙醇,最大的乙醇浓度和乙醇产量分别为1.09g/L和54.5 g/kg。未过滤水解液（UFH,包括水解残渣）加入纤维素酶（70 U/100 mL）和酿酒酵母（Sacchharomyces cerevisiae）进行发酵,最大的乙醇浓度和乙醇产量分别为1.23 g/L和61.5 g/kg。     

复合沸石滤料的制备及其性能测试

以活化后的天然斜发沸石为主要原料,添加粘合剂、成孔剂等制备出孔隙率高、比表面积大的球型复合沸石滤料。通过正交实验得到最优工艺组合条件为ω沸石粉∶ω粘合剂∶ω成孔剂=55%∶35%∶10%,活化温度为150℃,活化时间为3 h。制备的成品堆积密度为674 kg/m3,筒压强度为4.32 MPa,显气孔率59.02%。较陶粒相比,该滤料用于曝气生物滤池在挂膜启动与稳定运行阶段,均具有较高的氨氮去除效果,且挂膜微生物量高,更适宜作为曝气生物滤池的载体。     

城市主要功能用地景观格局的演变特征——以江苏省淮安市为例

基于GIS平台,提取了淮安市主城区城市用地的矢量数据,借助Fragstats3.3软件,计算了主要功能用地的景观格局指数,并对城市功能用地景观格局演变的特征进行了分析。研究表明：自1982年以来,城市功能用地斑块数量增多,斑块面积逐渐增大,面积差异不断缩小,用地斑块空间聚集程度渐渐上升,连通性水平逐步提高,功能用地斑块的形状特征与规整性变化明显;居住用地呈现出大分散、小集中的空间格局特征,斑块面积由小变大,斑块之间距离增大,密度降低,用地斑块的规整性与形态变化较大;工业用地由分散布局逐渐趋向于集中,斑块面积规模由小变大,完整性与集聚程度不断提高,相互连通性明显增强,斑块形态复杂性低;城市公共设施用地表现出大分散、小集中特点,用地斑块面积由大变小,面积差异较大,斑块形态与规整性变化明显     

基于模糊聚类的应急物资分类储备研究

对品种繁多的应急物资进行分类是科学储备应急物资的前提和基础。以应急物资的自然属性和社会属性以及突发事件的应急需求为基础,从应急物资的有效使用期限、用途、生产周期、价格、市场流通量、社会集中拥有量、突发事件的预计需求量和需求层次8个方面建立应急物资的分类指标体系;采用模糊聚类的方法对应急物资进行分类,并用经验正交函数方法确定应急物资的最佳分类数量;最后探讨了每一类应急物资的储备模式,为应急物资的科学储备提供借鉴。     

中国液态生物质燃料产业发展的间接社会收益分析

液态生物质燃料在发展过程中具有外部性,体现出的间接社会收益应得到中国政府的重视,也是该产业扩大发展的重要依据。提出液态生物质燃料产业发展的间接社会收益概念,分析该产业在原料搜集和种植、产品消费等过程中产生的额外经济价值,以度量对改善生态环境的直接作用。在分析生物质燃料原料分布和理清原料搜集的细节后,利用直接市场法测算了未来20年中国发展液态生物质燃料的间接社会收益,发现：到2015年,来自该产业的间接社会收益将达1 000亿元以上,到2030年将突破1万亿元。巨大的社会经济价值从另一个侧面折射出液态生物质燃料产业发展的必要性     

Dissolution of beryllium in artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid

Dissolution of a lung burden of poorly soluble beryllium particles is hypothesized to be necessary for development of chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) in humans. As such, particle dissolution rate must be sufficient to activate the lung immune response and dissolution lifetime sufficient to maintain chronic inflammation for months to years to support development of disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that poorly soluble beryllium compounds release ions via dissolution in lung fluid. Dissolution kinetics of 17 poorly soluble particulate beryllium materials that span extraction through ceramics machining (ores, hydroxide, metal, copper-beryllium [CuBe] fume, oxides) and three CuBe alloy reference materials (chips, solid block) were measured over 31 d using artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (pH 4.5). Differences in beryllium-containing particle physicochemical properties translated into differences in dissolution rates and lifetimes in artificial phagolysosomal fluid. Among all materials, dissolution rate constant values ranged from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹⁰ g cm⁻² d⁻¹ and half-times ranged from tens to thousands of days. The presence of magnesium trisilicate in some beryllium oxide materials may have slowed dissolution rates. Materials associated with elevated prevalence of CBD had faster beryllium dissolution rates [10⁻⁷-10⁻⁸ g cm⁻² d⁻¹] than materials not associated with elevated prevalence (p < 0.05).