一株受二噁英类化合物诱导表达绿色荧光蛋白的胃癌细胞系的建立

将人工合成的5个相连的XRE(Xeobiotic response element)和minimal CMV(Human cytomegalovirus)启动子,插入载体pEGFP-1,构建得到载体pXRE5-EGFP.以pXRE5-EGFP转染人胃癌细胞SGC-7901,经过筛选得到一株受2,3,7,8-四氯代二苯并二英(2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,TCDD)诱导表达绿色荧光蛋白的细胞系XRE5-SGC-7901.将XRE5-SGC-7901细胞株暴露于不同浓度TCDD(0、250、500pg·mL-1)中,发现TCDD暴露组XRE5-SGC-7901细胞中绿色荧光蛋白的表达量显著升高,且与TCDD暴露浓度呈正相关.新构建的细胞株具有二英类化合物诱导表达绿色荧光蛋白的功能.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰的熔融处理及浸取实验研究

本研究进行了垃圾焚烧飞灰的高温熔融及其熔渣的浸取性能实验。熔融实验在马弗炉中进行 ,浸取实验使用了蒸馏水、pH值为 4 5的醋酸溶液和pH值为 3的硫酸溶液 3种浸印剂。实验结果如下 :重金属Cd、Cr、Zn、Fe随熔融时间的增加 ,溶出量明显减小。延长熔融时间可减少这一类重金属的二次污染。重金属Hg由于其极易挥发 ,熔融时间对其溶出量几乎没有影响。Zn、Cd等重金属随熔融温度的升高 ,溶出量明显减小 ,升高熔融温度可减少这一类重金属的二次污染。重金属Cr的溶出量随溶剂pH值的升高而增加 ,而Cd、Pb、Zn在醋酸溶液中的溶出量最大 ,硫酸次之 ,水中最小。这是因为这些重金属和醋酸发生了络合反应 ,因而溶出量增大。     

毒理基因组学研究进展

毒理基因组学是利用最新的基因组学技术来进行毒理学研究的新兴学科。它能够快速全面地检测出化合物和生物体相互作用后的全基因组表达的变化,再通过生物信息学的方法对化合物的毒性进行定性分析。它可以为传统毒理学检测筛选更多的生物学标志物,解释有毒物质的致毒机理,降低风险评价的不确定性。但是,毒理基因组学还存在许多问题：如实验设计不统一,分析理论不完善,检测费用太昂贵等。其中最主要的理论问题在于,虽然人们早已认识到毒理基因组学最大的优势是可对毒性进行较全面的分类和预测,但是已有的研究仍然集中在生物标志物的筛选和致毒机理的解释上,而没有充分利用全基因组变化的信息,因为理论上除了实验误差引入的基因表达变化以外的变化都是化合物和生物体相互作用的结果。要解决这些问题,新发现的microRNA毒理基因组和动态基因表达图谱的研究可能是一个潜在方向。总体来说,目前毒理基因组学只能作为风险评价的参考,但是它最终将为风险评价提供有力的理论依据和准确预测,提高风险评价的可靠性。     

Exposure to radiation from global system for mobile communications at 1,800 MHz significantly changes gene expression in rat hippocampus and cortex

We have earlier shown that radio frequency electromagnetic fields can cause significant leakage of albumin through the blood–brain barrier of exposed rats as compared to non-exposed rats, and also significant neuronal damage in rat brains several weeks after a 2 h exposure to a mobile phone, at 915 MHz with a global system for mobile communications (GSM) frequency modulation, at whole-body specific absorption rate values (SAR) of 200, 20, 2, and 0.2 mW/kg. We have now studied whether 6 h of exposure to the radiation from a GSM mobile test phone at 1,800 MHz (at a whole-body SAR-value of 13 mW/kg, corresponding to a brain SAR-value of 30 mW/kg) has an effect upon the gene expression pattern in rat brain cortex and hippocampus—areas where we have observed albumin leakage from capillaries into neurons and neuronal damage. Microarray analysis of 31,099 rat genes, including splicing variants, was performed in cortex and hippocampus of 8 Fischer 344 rats, 4 animals exposed to global system for mobile communications electromagnetic fields for 6 h in an anechoic chamber, one rat at a time, and 4 controls kept as long in the same anechoic chamber without exposure, also in this case one rat at a time. Gene ontology analysis (using the gene ontology categories biological processes, molecular functions, and cell components) of the differentially expressed genes of the exposed animals versus the control group revealed the following highly significant altered gene categories in both cortex and hippocampus: extracellular region, signal transducer activity, intrinsic to membrane, and integral to membrane. The fact that most of these categories are connected with membrane functions may have a relation to our earlier observation of albumin transport through brain capillaries.     

聚四氟乙烯高压密封罐消解样品测定五氧化二钒

利用聚四氟乙烯高压密封罐消解矿石样品测定五氧化二钒,具有操作手续相对简便、轻松、快捷等优点,与传统的硫酸－磷酸混合酸消解或采用碱熔融前处理法比较,相对误差小于１．６％,样品的添加标准回收率为９２．９％～１０３．５％。     

Biological effect monitoring in dab (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Limanda limanda</Emphasis>) using gene transcript of CYP1A1 or EROD—a comparison

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Gene expression analyses with real-time (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gains importance in marine monitoring. This new technique has to be compared to the classical approaches like the well known biomarker ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) to test their suitability for monitoring programmes. The goal of the present study is to compare EROD activity and CYP1A1 mRNA expression in the important monitoring fish species dab (Limanda limanda) and to answer the question of whether these parameters reflect the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of the fish. Further on, glyceraldehyd-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was investigated as a potential housekeeping gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female dab were caught in the summer of 2004 in the North Sea and in the Baltic. EROD activity was determined in liver samples by a kinetic fluorimetric assay according to a standard protocol. The gene expression of CYP1A (cytochrome P450 1A) and GAPDH were determined by means of RT-PCR. Results were compared to gonado somatic index and to the concentration of PAH metabolite 1OHPyr (1-hydroxypyrene) analysed in the bile fluids of the fish, respectively. RESULTS: Dab from all stations showed a considerable individual variation in the levels of both CYP1A mRNA and EROD. Highest mean values for CYP1A mRNA and EROD were detected in the northern part of the sampling area. In contrast, the PAH metabolite 1OHPyr was found at the highest concentration in fish caught near the German coast. CYP1A mRNA and EROD showed only a minor but significant correlation (r = 0.32, p < 0.05, n = 123). 1OHPyr in bile correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with the amount of GAPDH mRNA content in the liver. DISCUSSION: The significant but low correlation of CYP1A mRNA and EROD activity on an individual basis illustrates that these two parameters are apparently not closely linked. However, maximum EROD values correspond with maximum CYP1A mRNA concentrations when station means are regarded. Because EROD and CYP1A mRNA in dab follow different physiological principles, their application will lead to related but not identical monitoring results. This should be taken into account when future marine monitoring programmes are designed. The results also indicate that PAH are not the crucial factor for CYP1A and EROD levels in dab from the off-shore areas in the North Sea. This is remarkable because the PAH metabolism is known to be CYP1A-dependent and the widely used biomarker EROD has been recommended for monitoring PAH-related effects in fish from the North Sea. Due to a correlation between GAPDH and 1OHPyr, GAPDH was not suitable as housekeeping gene for dab. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the results from EROD nor from CYP1A1 mRNA measurements in dab reflected their exposure to PAH as measured by the PAH metabolite 1OHPyr. Thus, the question arises of whether EROD or CYP1A mRNA is a suitable biomarker at all to indicate PAH exposure in dab from the open North Sea. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: For future biological effect monitoring, it is advisable to measure more and predominately independent parameters by RT-PCR and to incorporate more components of the detoxification system.     

传递系数法在滑坡稳定性评价中的几个问题探讨

本文运用LASA软件,分析了采用传递系数法计算滑坡稳定系数时,传递系数计算式、条块划分、渗透压力计算对稳定系数的影响。传递系数计算式的分析得出采用迭代法求解是比较合理的方法;通过实例对条块划分导致的影响分析,可知条块划分应当尽量与滑体的实际情况相符合才可以减小计算误差;渗透压力计算分析指出稳定性计算考虑动水压力时,应当根据不同情况选择不同水力坡降计算式。     

盐藻烯醇酶基因表达载体的构建及其转基因烟草的鉴定

以载体pCAMBIA2301为骨架引入pBI121中的GUS基因，构建了简便、实用的中间载体pCAMBIA2301G．将其中一个GUS基因用目的片段盐藻烯醇酶基因替换，构建了可以在植物中高效表达的载体pCAMBIA2301G—enolase，并将其转入根癌农杆菌EHA105中，采用叶盘转化法将盐藻烯醇酶基因转入模式植物烟草中．Southern杂交结果显示，盐藻烯醇酶基因已整合到植物基因组中，在转基因烟草中的拷贝数为2～4个．图6参10     

Relatedness,recognition errors,and colony fusion in the termite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nasutitermes corniger</Emphasis>

Loss of aggression between social groups can have far-reaching effects on the structure of societies and populations. We tested whether variation in the genetic structure of colonies of the termite Nasutitermes corniger affects the probability of aggression toward non-nestmates and the ability of unrelated colonies to fuse. We determined the genotypes of workers and soldiers from 120 colonies at seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Twenty-seven colonies contained offspring of multiple founding queens or kings, yielding an average within-colony relatedness of 0.33. Genotypes in the remaining 93 colonies were consistent with reproduction by a single queen and king or their progeny, with an average within-colony relatedness of 0.51. In standardized assays, the probability of aggression between workers and soldiers from different colonies was an increasing function of within-colony relatedness. The probability of aggression was not affected significantly by the degree of relatedness between colonies, which was near zero in all cases, or by whether the colonies were neighbors. To test whether these assays of aggression predict the potential for colony fusion in the field, we transplanted selected nests to new locations. Workers and soldiers from colonies that were mutually tolerant in laboratory assays joined their nests without fighting, but workers and soldiers that were mutually aggressive in the assays initiated massive battles. These results suggest that the presence of multiple unrelated queens or kings promotes recognition errors, which can lead to the formation of more complex colony structures.     

海洋环境基因组学在海洋生态研究中的应用

海洋环境基因组学是功能基因组学的一个分支学科,它将基因组学的最新技术引入到海洋生态环境的研究当中,得到了许多有价值的研究成果,显示出巨大的发展潜力。文章总结了海洋环境基因组学所开展的工作和已取得的成果,指出目前海洋环境基因组学的工作主要集中在三个领域:海洋生物基因资源文库的建立与完善;海洋生物对环境胁迫的应激反应及生理机制的研究;探索不同生物种群的基因表达谱是否与生物地理分布相关联。并着重讨论了利用基因组学技术研究环境胁迫对海洋生物物种的分布、生物物种间的相互作用以及水生物疾病的影响。如海洋环境基因组学通过测定基因表达谱的变化,研究海洋生物对环境温度的生理响应,绘制出生物地理图谱;通过测定基因转录水平的变化,更深入地了解温度变化所造成的生理支出,从而预测热气候漂移可能给海洋生态环境所造成的影响。在水生物疾病的研究方面,海洋环境基因组学用DNA微阵列技术分析染病生物的基因表达谱,筛选出发生变化的基因表达,为理解病毒感染机制提供了大量信息。还可以深入研究环境胁迫因子与微生物种群群落的组成关系,并由此找到通过维持水体的微生态平衡来消除某些病害发生的环境条件。