安全与应急管理专业学科发展

为使各高校能有效应对工程教育与应急管理的新一轮发展,在新工科建设与应急管理部成立背景下研究安全与应急管理专业学科的现状与发展趋势。阐述专业建设与学科建设的联系、区别和作用,在此基础上分析安全与应急管理专业学科发展现状、凝练专业建设核心4要素、完善安全学科体系、总结应急管理一级学科体系构建思路,分别提出基于“现在完成进行时”与“将来完成进行时”状态的安全、应急管理专业学科发展趋势。结果表明:安全专业发展趋势分行业安全与“大安全”2类,安全学科仍需完善学科体系和科学分支;应急管理的长远发展趋势是设立一级学科,从而推动应急管理专业高质量创新型发展。     

2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质变化趋势分析及对策建议

对2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质监测数据进行综合分析,泉水型地下饮用水源地米东区三水厂受储水介质及当地地质化学结构的影响,溶解盐类常年超标,水质较差;湖库型地表水源地五、八水厂总磷浓度在个别年份存在一定程度的超标现象,且地表水源地中挥发性卤代烃类、硝基苯和酞酸酯类等有机项目及镍等重金属类检出率较高,存在一定程度的风险。对此提出了进一步完善水源地环境保护及合理开发优质水资源的对策建议,为首府饮用水源地的保护和相关研究工作提供依据。     

2013—2016年74城市臭氧浓度变化特征

利用2013—2016年74城市臭氧（O₃）监测数据,综合探讨了全国74城市O₃浓度时空变化特征、变化趋势。结果表明：2013—2016年,74城市O₃-8 h各百分位浓度总体呈上升趋势,且百分位较高区间O₃浓度逐年上升速率越快,O₃-8 h第95百分位浓度年增长5.3 μg/m³,其次是第90百分位;O₃区域性污染特征明显,京津冀及周边、长三角、珠三角O₃污染问题突出;74城市O₃浓度超标天数年增长3 d/城市,O₃污染呈明显日、季节变化特征,午后14：00—17：00达到小时浓度峰值,超标日主要集中于5—10月;O₃对环境空气质量综合指数贡献率逐年增加,北京、上海和广州O₃贡献率年增长分别为1.9%、1.1%和0.8%。     

前体物排放变化对珠江三角洲地区秋季臭氧污染演变的影响研究

自2013年以来,珠三角地区SO₂、NO_x及颗粒物等污染物浓度逐渐下降,但臭氧污染日渐凸显.作为二次污染物,臭氧污染演变受到排放与气象条件共同影响.而评估本地前体物人为排放变化、外部传输和气象变化对臭氧污染演变的影响,并识别臭氧污染长期演变趋势的重要驱动因素,是开展区域臭氧污染防控的关键基础.因此,本文采用WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模拟平台,以2006—2017年广东省和中国大气污染物排放趋势清单为输入清单,以2014年的气象数据为基准年气象场,通过设置不同案例,结合观测数据,定量评估本地、外部排放变化和气象变化对珠三角秋季O₃污染长期演变趋势的影响.结果表明：在2006—2017年期间,整个珠三角9—10月臭氧日最大8 h(MDA8)浓度上升主要由人为排放变化主导,平均每年贡献0.7μg·m^-3,而气象条件总体上抑制了2006—2017年期间珠三角秋季臭氧MDA8浓度的增长,使得秋季臭氧MDA8浓度上升速率下降为0.2μg·m^-3·a^-1;人为排放变化...     

泰山酸雨长期变化趋势及影响因素

酸雨污染是我国长期面临的重大环境问题之一。本研究基于泰山山顶（海拔1534 m）降水资料,探究了1992—?2020年泰山酸雨的长期变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明：泰山降水年均pH值经历了波动上升（1992—?1998年）—?下降（1999—?2008年）—?上升（2009—?2017年）—?平稳（2018—?2020年）四个阶段,酸雨问题最严重的阶段发生于2007年和2008年。SO2、NOx排放量与泰山降水年均pH值之间具有良好的负相关关系,表明酸性气体排放是导致酸雨问题的重要原因。受土壤源气溶胶的中和作用和低层大气云下冲刷过程的影响,泰安市（地面站点）相对泰山山顶降水酸度降低、酸雨频率减小。泰山酸雨由“硫酸型”、“硫酸-硝酸型”已转变为“硝酸型”,进一步削减NOx排放量是降低酸雨污染的重要措施。     

广州市能源供需结构问题及趋势预测分析

针对广州市经济高速发展对能源需求与供给的紧张局面,分析了广州市能源供需现状及存在的问题.运用部门分析法、时间序列法对广州市2005～2010年的能源需求进行预测,得出了2010年能源总需求的预测值为4 534.7×10⁴t标准煤,能源供需差额为4 500×10⁴t标准煤.根据实证分析,结合全国和广东省能源供应和消费的大环境,认为广州市未来的能源发展战略应该包括以下要点:①立足于国家的整体能源发展规划即依靠“西电东送”、三峡的并网水电、核电和新能源;②停止建立或扩充目前污染较重、能耗物耗较高且布局在广州夏季上风方向上的黄埔火力发电厂;③不应该完全依靠广东的贫困山区的煤炭和小水电但可以充分发挥其资源潜力.     

Temporal trends and sources of PCDD/Fs, pentachlorophenol and chlornitrofen in paddy field soils along the Yoneshiro River basin, Japan

In order to understand the long-term behaviors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-4′-nitrophenyl ether (chlornitrofen, CNP) in paddy soil, we measured their concentrations in paddy soil samples collected in 1982 and 1984 (1980s) and in 2000 and 2002 (2000s) from the Yoneshiro River basin, Japan. The concentrations of PCP and CNP decreased from the 1980s to the 2000s, whereas the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and their toxic equivalency (WHO2006-TEQ) remained. The major sources of PCDD/Fs in the paddy soil samples were attributed to impurities in PCP and CNP as a result of comparisons of homologue and congener profiles and principal component analysis. Based on the results of comparison of total input and remaining amount, it is estimated that more than 99% of PCP and CNP applied to the paddy fields had disappeared, whereas most of the applied PCDD/Fs and TEQ remained.     

Long‐Term Streamflow Response to Climatic Variability in the Loess Plateau,China1

Abstract: The Loess Plateau region in northwestern China has experienced severe water resource shortages due to the combined impacts of climate and land use changes and water resource exploitation during the past decades. This study was designed to examine the impacts of climatic variability on streamflow characteristics of a 12‐km² watershed near Tianshui City, Gansu Province in northwestern China. Statistic analytical methods including Kendall’s trend test and stepwise regression were used to detect trends in relationship between observed streamflow and climatic variables. Sensitivity analysis based on an evapotranspiration model was used to detect quantitative hydrologic sensitivity to climatic variability. We found that precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and streamflow (Q) were not statistically significantly different (p > 0.05) over the study period between 1982 and 2003. Stepwise regression and sensitivity analysis all indicated that P was more influential than PET in affecting annual streamflow, but the similar relationship existed at the monthly scale. The sensitivity of streamflow response to variations of P and PET increased slightly with the increase in watershed dryness (PET/P) as well as the increase in runoff ratio (Q/P). This study concluded that future changes in climate, precipitation in particular, will significantly impact water resources in the Loess Plateau region an area that is already experiencing a decreasing trend in water yield.     

有机高分子絮凝剂的应用与研究进展

絮凝沉淀法是水处理中的有效方法,絮凝剂的选择是该方法中的关键因素,根据其化学成分的不同,一般分为无机、有机、微生物絮凝剂三种。有机高分子絮凝剂由于其用量小、絮凝速度快和受外界因素影响小等优势得到广泛的应用。本文详细介绍了有机高分子絮凝剂的种类、使用情况及研究进展,并对有机高分子絮凝剂的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Occurrence and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in surficial sediments of Lakes Superior and Huron

Concentrations and congener profile patterns of 2378-substituted PCDD/Fs and DLPCBs in offshore, nearshore and tributary sediments of Lakes Superior and Huron are reported, and spatial trends and source contributions assessed. PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 5 to 18 000 pg/g dw (Lake Superior) and 3 to 6100 pg/g dw (Lake Huron); DLPCBs ranged from 9 to 11 000 pg/g dw (Lake Superior) and 9 to 27 000 pg/g dw (Lake Huron). Our analysis indicated atmospheric deposition is a primary source to depositional areas of both lakes; however, greater PCDD/F and DLPCB concentrations were observed at several nearshore and tributary sites, and were attributed to corresponding land use in the watershed. Statistical analysis and pattern comparison suggested that industrial inputs mainly associated with wood treatment plants, pulp and paper mills, mining operations, and chlorine-based chemical manufacturing also contributed to contamination by PCDD/Fs and DLPCBs in certain nearshore and offshore areas of Lakes Superior and Huron.