我国危险废物管理现状及发展趋势

本文介绍了我国危险废物产生量、分布特点、管理现状及发展趋势 ,分析了我国地方及云南省危险废物管理中存在的问题 ,提出了解决问题的对策和建议。     

深圳西部城区大气O3污染特征及超标成因

利用近5a深圳西部城区（大学城）大气臭氧（O₃）在线监测数据,结合深圳大学城超级站大气复合污染综合观测,获取了大气O₃演变趋势,并探究O₃超标日气象条件及其前体物的组成变化以期掌握大气O₃超标成因.结果表明,深圳大学城大气O₃日最大8h平均体积分数上升速度达1.1×10^-9/a,超标率达到6%以上.高温低湿的气象条件更容易促进大气O₃生成,高温时光化学反应强烈有利于O₃的本地生成,而低湿可能不利于O₃的湿去除从而导致污染积累.挥发性有机物（VOCs）不同组分在O₃超标日上升幅度（70%~95%）明显高于NOx（28%）,且O₃高值浓度分布在高VOCs低NOx区域,说明深圳大学城大气O₃生成主要受VOCs控制.O₃超标日的甲苯与苯比值（T/B）在夜间超过10表明可能存在大量工业排放;而含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）在午间（12：00~14：00）的消耗相较于非超标日高出了1倍左右,表明工业活动排放的OVOCs对白天O₃生成可能贡献显著.     

京津冀城市扩张对植被和地表城市热岛的影响

基于MODIS-LST、EVI以及土地利用/覆盖数据,分析了2000~2015年京津冀13个城市生长季及不同季节城市扩张对植被（ΔEVI）和地表城市热岛影响的时间变化趋势以及二者之间的关系,结果表明,京津冀13个城市主城区生长季及不同季节的城市扩张对植被均存在消极影响（ΔEVI<0）,对夏季植被的影响最大（ΔEVI=-0.131）;白天和夜间的地表城市热岛强度（SUHII）最大值均出现在夏季,分别为2.594℃和1.859℃;不同季节的ΔEVI均值呈现显著下降趋势,其速率分别为-0.0038,-0.0033,-0.0045和-0.0018/a（P<0.01）;生长季、春季和夏季白天SUHII均呈显著增加趋势,速率分别为0.076,0.093和0.106℃/a（P<0.01）,不同季节夜间SUHII均呈显著增加的趋势,其增加速率分别为0.05,0.055,0.049,0.054和0.046℃/a;京津冀13个城市主城区的ΔEVI均值和SUHII均值呈显著负相关（P<0.01）,其相关系数介于-0.959~-0.592之间;白天SUHII与ΔEVI的相关性最高为生长季（r=-0.959）,夜间SUHII与ΔEVI的相关性最高为春季（r=-0.936）.     

我国应逐步实施基于水质的排污许可管理

我国排污许可管理始于20世纪80年代中后期,经历了从探索、停滞到不断发展的历程.为研究我国排污许可的未来发展方向,对我国排污许可发展的历程和存在的问题,以及美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区的经验进行了分析.从我国排污许可的发展历程来看,我国第一阶段排污许可管理立法层次不高,反复试点、推进力度不够,且经济迅速发展导致污染物负荷量不断增长,客观上增加了排污许可实施的难度.“十三五”以来,我国已初步构建了以行业为基础的排污许可管理体系,但也面临着一系列的问题,主要是按行业发放排污许可难以与地表水水质直接挂钩、部分企业排污许可量过大难以约束企业排污、排污许可证核发任务重难以考虑水质达标要求、缺乏基于水质核发排污许可限值的管理实施细则等.针对上述问题,分析了以美国和欧盟为代表的发达国家和地区的排污许可管理经验,表明基于水质达标是实施排污许可管理的基本法律内涵和发展方向.在国内外排污许可发展经验教训总结的基础上,结合我国目前排污许可的实施进展,建议我国逐步实施基于水质的排污许可管理,主要措施有完善基于水质的行政区、流域和控制单元排污许可总量审核系统,编制和修订排污许可证管理相关技术规范,以水质达标为目标完善流域排放标准,完善基于水质的排污许可监管和处罚机制,尽快开展基于水质的排污许可示范,扩大公众参与等.“十四五”时期,建议我国的排污许可制应从重视系统体系构建,逐步过渡到基于水质的排污许可管理,并制订有针对性的管理法规和政策措施.      

新时代下中国自然资源安全的战略思考

中国特色社会主义进入新时代,经济处于转型升级的攻关期,自然资源安全保障被赋予了新的使命和要求。刚成立的自然资源部为新时代中国自然资源安全保障和综合管理的发展带来了新机遇。新时代是30 a以上的大尺度,其中长期战略安排需基于对自然资源历史变化的系统总结和对未来中长期的资源供需形势的战略研判。综合来看,未来中长期中国水资源需求仍将上升,耕地的粮食供应压力增大,直接影响民生福祉;矿产资源需求整体仍处于高位,不同矿种需求由“普涨”转向“结构性分异”;森林资源木材供给压力加重,关联着现代化经济体系的建设目标。以生态文明战略为统领,践行“绿水青山就是金山银山（两山）”的理念,坚持节约资源和保护环境,是保障中国自然资源安全的关键。为缓解中国整体资源安全压力,提高自然资源综合保障能力,以更有力地支撑中国“两个百年”战略目标的实现,建议：抓紧开展面向新时代的中国自然资源战略研究及顶层规划设计;实行严格的自然资源管理和环境保护制度;优化资源供给结构,加快资源开发利用的科技创新;立足国内,提高资源利用效率,促进循环利用,加强资源领域的国际合作。     

Seasonal evaluation and spatial variability of suspended particulate matter in the vicinity of a large coal-fired power station in India—A case study

Coal combustion in the power sector gives rise to the emission of primary and secondary particulate pollutants. Since the emission of pollutants depends on coal quality and combustion technology, and given that transport, transformation and deposition of contaminants depend on regional climatic conditions, specific studies for the power stations is needed to evaluate their environmental impacts. Monitoring of ambient respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels around a large coal-fired power station in India was carried out. The specific objectives were the determination of spatial and seasonal variability in RSPM and SPM levels, and their relationship with meteorological parameters such as wind velocity and relative humidity. The results have shown a marked seasonal trend and spatial variability in RSPM and SPM levels in the study area. Higher concentrations of ambient RSPM and SPM were found in downwind monitoring stations compared to upwind direction. Ratios of RSPM to SPM and correlation coefficient values between RSPM and SPM along with meteorological parameters were also worked out. Relative humidity and wind velocity have shown an inverse relation with particulate deposition pattern.     

Hydrological influences on the water quality trends in Tamiraparani Basin,South India

Water quality variables – Turbidity, pH, Electrical Conductivity(EC), Chlorides and Total Hardness (TH) were monitored at adownstream location in the Tamiraparani River during 1978–1992. The observations were made at weekly intervals in a watertreatment and supply plant using standard methods. Graphical andstatistical analyses were used for data exploration, trenddetection and assessment. Box-Whisker plots of annual andseasonal changes in variables indicated apparent trends beingpresent in the data and their response to the seasonal influenceof the monsoon rainfall. Further, the examination of the medianvalues of the variables indicated that changes in the directionof trend occurred during 1985–1986, especially in pH, EC and TH. The statistical analyses were done using non-parametric methods,the ANCOVA on rank transformed data and the Seasonal Man-Kendalltest. The presence of monotonic trend in all the water qualityvariables was confirmed, however, with independent direction ofchange. The trend line was fitted by the method of leastsquares. The estimated values indicated significant increases inEC (28 S cm^-1) while significant decreases were observed inturbidity (90 NTU), pH (0.78), and total hardness (23 ppm) in a span of 15 years. The changes induced in river flow by the addition of a stabilizing reservoir, the influence of seasonal and spatialpattern of monsoon rainfall across the river basin and the increased agriculture appear causative factors for the water quality trends seen in the Tamiraparani River system.     

Mean Annual Temperature and Total Annual Precipitation Trends at Canadian Biosphere Reserves

This article examines instrumental climate records from a varietyof stations associated with the following Biosphere Reserves across Canada: (i) Waterton Lakes, (ii) Riding Mountain, (iii) Niagara Escarpment, (iv) Long Point, and (v) Kejimkujik (Candidate Biosphere Reserve). Annual series are generated fromdaily temperature and precipitation values. In addition, homogeneous data are used from other stations and regional records to supplement the records from the local biosphere stations. Long term trends are identified over the period of the instrumental record. In general, data from the interval 1900 to 1998 show cooler temperatures in the 1920's, warmingfrom the early 1940's into the early 1950's, cooling into the1970's, and subsequent warming. At many stations, 1998 is the warmest in the instrumental record. Comparisons with the regional data sets show good agreements between the temperatureseries. The 20th century warming is approximately 1.0 °C in the Riding Mountain area and 0.6 °Cin the Long Point, Niagara Escarpment, and Waterton Lakes areas.There has been slight cooling in the Kejimkujik area over the past half century. Precipitation data show increasing trends inthe Kejimkujik, Long Point, Niagara Escarpment, and Waterton Lakes areas with no long term trend in the Riding Mountain area. This work is part of the Canadian Biosphere Reserves Association (CBRA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI), designed to present climate change information to Biosphere Reserve communities to allow local organizations to understand climate change and adapt to potential impacts.     

重庆环保产业发展现状及趋势

本文分析了重庆市环保产业的发展现状、主要特点及存在的主要问题。并介绍了《重庆市“十一五”环保产业发展规划研究报告》提出的“十一五”环保产业发展目标、重点和任务，介绍了重庆环保产业发展的总体目标、发展趋势，2010年重庆市环保产业发展的经济目标和重点投资项目，以及保障环产业产业发展的政策措施。     

中小企业安全投资状况的调查与分析

近年来,我国中小企业的安全生产问题十分突出,重特大事故频发。导致当前中小企业安全生产形势严峻的主要原因之一,是企业安全投资欠账太多。笔者对江苏省某市100家中小企业安全生产状况进行了调查,并对取得的若干企业的安全投资数据进行了分析。结果显示:近5年,无论是企业安全总投资,还是企业人均安全投资,均呈现增长趋势,而企业间安全投资水平差距较大;不同行业、不同性质企业的安全投资结构和人均安全投资指标差异明显,建筑行业和原为私营性质的企业应成为政府部门监管的重点;人均安全总投资与工伤事故起数对应相关,通过加大预先的安全投入,可以有效地预防或减少工伤事故。