大气环境影响评价现状空气质量监测布点技术方法

基于HJ2.2—2008《环境影响评价技术导则-大气环境》的规定,结合某石化焦化扩建案例实践,对大气环境影响评价现状空气质量监测方案的制定、监测布点原则与技术要点进行了深入系统地研究,进一步探讨了在环评中执行的具体问题及解决方案。     

广州市生活饮用水地表水源地微量元素调查

对广州市秀全、巴江、江村、石门、西村、刘屋洲、南洲和沙湾等主要生活饮用水地表水源地中钼、钴、铍、硼、锑、镍、钒、钛、锡、银和钡等微量元素含量水平进行了调查,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对微量元素水质进行了评价。结果表明,硼和锡在所有地表水源地均未检出,铍在部分地表水源地有检出,其他检测项目在所有地表水源地均有检出。整体而言,微量元素含量水平不高,地表水源地由北往南微量元素内梅罗指数呈逐渐降低态势,南部水源地水质优于北部水源地。巴江和西部水源地镍含量相对较高,电镀企业排污监管力度有待进一步加强。     

宝鸡市大庆路声环境质量模糊综合评价

对大庆路交通噪声污染状况进行监测、研究与分析。利用模糊综合评价法对大庆路声环境进行评价。大庆路声环境质量属于三级,已经受到污染。大庆路周边声环境属于轻度吵闹区域,应通过加强交通监管、宣传等各种有效的措施加以改善。     

Women's opinions on the offer and use of maternal serum screening

We studied the opinions and experiences concerning maternal serum screening of two groups of women: (A) women who were not eligible for prenatal diagnosis; and (B) women for whom prenatal diagnosis was available because of advanced maternal age, and who either underwent chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. Many of the women were in favour of the availability of serum screening and would apply for this test in a future pregnancy. This applied also to many respondents who had previously undergone prenatal diagnosis. Most of these women, however, did not intend to decline diagnostic amniocentesis if the screening results did not indicate an increased risk. The majority of the group of respondents of 36 years and over did not consider it acceptable if age indication was dropped altogether. A system based on serum screening will have other implications than a policy based on age indication, since specific individual risk assessment is perceived as being of more significance than a risk statistically derived from age alone. Serum screening is often seen as a means of reassurance and many women are not aware of the possible drawbacks. As technology becomes increasingly complicated, counselling has to be adjusted correspondingly. Further research is needed to establish whether and how distress can be minimized and well-considered individual choice can be achieved.     

Software as a bridge between theory and practice in life cycle assessment

Three mutually dependent elements are required for the application of life cycle assessment: methodology, data and software. Obviously, the design of software is determined by the methodology and the type of data available. Conversely, the development of software dictates the way in which data should be collected and recorded, and improves the theoretical framework, as it forces one to state the principles clearly and unambiguously. The influence of the development of software on both data and methodology is addressed and illustrated by examples, with reference to two key terms: transparency and explicitness. Three types of influence are distinguished: the design of a protocol, the formulation in terms of recipes, and the presentation of data.     

我国大气环境影响评价的进展

随着我国大气环境保护的重点从点源烟尘治理向区域环境污染综合防治发展,近20多年来,大气环境影响评价在评价范围、内容要求、工作程序、实验方法、输送扩散模型以及与总量控制、区域规划、风险评价等的关系方面都有长足的进步.在已完成的2000多项大气环境影响评价成果的基础上,本文作了全面的回顾,总结了各阶段的特点及开展的主要工作,提出了6项今后应着重解决的问题和近期内可能取得的进展.     

中国的低碳住宅建设与评估

中国目前面临着严峻的节能减碳目标,在中国的总能耗中建筑能耗占了三分之一以上。然而低碳住宅在中国刚刚起步,评估体系尚不完善,建设技术方法也未成熟,低碳住宅的普及率很低。本文通过对国内现有的绿色住宅评价体系的分析,结合中国自身的国情,初步提出一套大众能够接受的低碳住宅的建设方案,为今后低碳住宅的建设评估和推广提供参考。     

浅谈生态环境影响评价中的景观生态学法

景观生态学是近十几年发展起来的一门新兴学科,且现代景观生态学己经成为生态学领域中令人瞩目的一个分支,其发展为生态环境评价提供了有力的工具,近几年国家环境保护部<非污染生态影响评价技术导则>引入景观生态学的概念框架和理论方法,主要运用景观生态学中的优势度原理,通过对优势度的计算,分析项目建设前后优势度的变化情况,评价由于项目建设引起的生态环境影响.本文通过对景观生态学历史、现状以及未来发展趋势的研究,体现景观生态学法在现今生态环境影响评价中的重要作用.     

闽中某矿区县茶园土壤和茶叶重金属含量及健康风险

以闽中某矿区县茶园表层土壤（0~20cm）为研究对象,采集了25份茶园土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Co的含量,分别利用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险程度进行评价;同时收集矿区茶叶企业23个商品茶样品,利用美国国家环保署（USEPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型进行人体重金属健康风险评价.结果表明：（1）矿区茶园表层土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Cd和Co平均含量分别为110、23.5、23.0、107、50.7、78.0、0.23和14.3mg/kg,均明显高于福建省土壤背景值;（2）茶园土壤地累积指数（I_geo）表现为As > Cd > Cr > Pb > Zn > Co > Ni > Cu,As属于重度污染,Cd和Cr属于中度污染,其它5种重金属元素污染风险较低;（3）单项潜在生态风险系数（E）的大小顺序依次为Cd > As > Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Cu > Zn,土壤Cd属于很强生态风险,土壤As属于较强生态风险,其余属于轻微生态风险.8种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）平均值为255.74,属于较强风险级别,Cd和As是最主要的潜在生态风险因子.（4）商品茶中重金属Cr和Cd含量均低于限量标准,个别茶样中Cu、As和Pb含量超标,说明茶叶中重金属含量总体处于安全级别;（5）健康风险评价结果表明,茶叶中重金属元素健康个人年风险总和为1.01×10^-4~9.07×10^-5,乌龙茶的个人年风险总和稍高于美国环境保护署（USEPA）推荐的最大可接受风险水平（1.0×10^-4）,红茶和绿茶低于USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平;茶叶中重金属元素健康风险以Cr为主,平均贡献率为90.38%,是主要的风险元素,其余重金属元素处于安全范围之内.     

MIL-101高效吸附测定土壤气中三氯乙烯及健康风险评估

为研究基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算风险值与Johnson-Ettinger联合Dual-Equilibrium Desorption（JE-DED）模型和J&E模型计算风险值的差异,在MIL-101、UIO-66、ZIF-8和MOF-801金属-有机骨架（MOFs）材料,球形活性炭、膨胀石墨碳吸附材料及HiSiv1000和HiSiv3000分子筛等3类8种吸附剂中筛选出吸附效率较高的MIL-101 MOF材料用以吸附并测定土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）,并将基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值与J&E模型和JE-DED模型计算的风险值进行比较.结果表明:①对于北京潮土和黑龙江黑土,J&E模型计算的风险值比基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值高2个数量级.②对于w（有机碳）较低的北京潮土,基于JE-DED模型计算的风险值比基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值高1个数量级,但比基于J&E模型计算的风险值低1个数量级,表明JE-DED模型预测结果更接近实际情况,但仍偏保守.③w（有机碳）较高的黑龙江黑土,JE-DED模型计算的风险值与基于实测土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）计算的风险值更接近,JE-DED模型可以比较准确地预测三氯乙烯的风险值.研究显示,采用土壤气中ρ（三氯乙烯）实测值和JE-DED模型进行风险评价在一定程度上可以避免J&E计算过于保守的问题,可以更加真实客观地反映场地污染程度而避免过度修复产生资源浪费.