Thermodynamic prediction and experimental investigation of short-term dynamic membrane formation in dynamic membrane bioreactors: Effects of sludge properties

In dynamic membrane bioreactors(DMBRs), a dynamic membrane(DM) forms on a support material to act as the separation membrane for solids and liquids. In this study, batch filtration tests were carried out in a DMBR using nylon mesh(25 μm) as support material to filtrate sludge suspensions of variable properties from three different sources to evaluate the effects on the short-term DM formation process(within 240 min). Furthermore, the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek(XDLVO) theory was applied to analyze the sludge adhesion and cohesion behaviors on the mesh surface to predict quantitative parameters of the short-term DM formation process(including initial formation and maturation stage). The filtration results showed that the order of the initial DM formation time(permeate turbidity 1 NTU as an indicator) was as follows: sludge with poor settleability and dewaterability normal sludge sludge with poor flocculability. Moreover, normal sludge(regarding settleability, dewaterability,flocculability, and extracellular polymeric substance) showed a more acceptable DM formation performance(short DM formation time, low permeate turbidity, and high permeate flux) than sludge with poor settleability, dewaterability and flocculability. The influence of sludge properties on the initial DM formation time corroborates the prediction of sludge adhesion behaviors by XDLVO theory. Additionally, the XDLVO calculation results showed that acid–based interaction, energy barrier, and secondary energy minimum were important determinants of the sludge adhesion and cohesion behaviors. Therefore, short-term DM formation process may be enhanced to achieve stable long-term DMBR operation through positive modification of the sludge properties.     

基于灾害风险理论的岩溶区建设项目地下水污染风险评价

为研究岩溶地区建设项目的地下水污染风险,引入灾害风险理论确定地下水污染风险是由地下水脆弱性和建设项目污染负荷危险性两方面共同决定,并构建了地下水污染风险指标体系。采用模糊层次分析法确定各指标权重,选择TOPSIS模型进行脆弱性和危险性等级的判断,最后依据风险等级分区矩阵确定地下水污染风险评价等级。以贵州西北地区某火电厂项目进行地下水污染风险评价实例应用,结果表明该项目地下水污染风险等级为"较高",主要因素为该地区地下水含水层脆弱性"较高",评价结果符合实际,具有一定应用价值。     

铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附作用研究

铁铝氧化物是土壤的重要组分之一,其对土壤中有机无机组分的迁移具有重要影响.本文以枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌为研究对象,通过批吸附实验和DLVO理论,探究铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附作用及其作用机制.结果表明,铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附随着平衡浓度的增加而增加,吸附过程可用Langmuir方程拟合.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3717.43和2792.29 mg·g~(-1),铁铝3∶1复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3455.58和2760.33 mg·g~(-1).随着pH值的增大,两种铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均呈下降趋势.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均大于铁铝3∶1复合氧化物.静电吸引力是铁铝复合氧化物与细菌之间相互作用的主要因素之一.     

基于BP神经网络的矿井火灾安全评价方法

在对国内煤矿调研的基础上,建立了包括内因火灾、外因火灾、管理和救灾3个子系统的评价指标体系;通过模糊层次法,求解了各指标权重;结 合目前比较成熟的BP神经网络方法,研究了一种新的矿井火灾安全评价方法,并编制了界面友好的软件,在矿井实际应用中取得较为满意的评价结果.     

模糊综合评判法在亚麻原料厂防尘工程技术措施综合评价中的应用研究

亚麻原料初加工过程中亚麻粉尘危害严重,亚麻粉尘是亚麻原料厂的主要职业危害,防尘工程技术措施效果如何,对作业工人的身体健康有着直接的影响。本文通过对亚麻原料厂防尘工程的全面分析,运用模糊数学原理建立的模糊综合评判方法,在专家打分评估的基础上,应用定性与定量的综合决策方法,结合层次分析法分配权重,对亚麻原料厂防尘工程技术措施进行了综合评价,得出了比较符合实际的评价结果,为解决其他方面多因素、多层次的复杂系统问题提供了一个科学、可靠的参考,为其他行业或各类企业进行劳动卫生工程综合评价提供了可信、可行的先例。     

Policy, personal dispositions and the evaluation of aircraft noise

In this paper, we hypothesize and test the ideas that (1) people’s subjectivity in relation to aircraft noise is shaped by the policy discourse, (2) this results in a limited number of frames towards aircraft noise, (3) the frames inform people how to think and feel about aircraft noise and (4) the distribution of the frames in the population is dependent on structural variables related to the individual. To reveal subjects’ frames of aircraft noise a latent class model is estimated based on survey data gathered among a sample of 250 residents living near Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, a major international airport in the Netherlands. In line with expectations, the results show that there are four evaluative frames of aircraft noise, three of which are strongly linked to the policy discourse. The frames are associated with fitting levels of annoyance response. In turn, frame membership is influenced by two structural variables, namely aircraft noise exposure and noise sensitivity. The results indicate that social factors operate discursively in the explanation of subjective reaction to noise, while psychological factors operate within a traditional cause-and-effect model. The paper concludes with several policy implications.     

The influence of place attachment, and moral and normative concerns on the conservation of native vegetation: A test of two behavioural models

This study examines the influence of place attachment, values, beliefs and personal norms about environmental action on the conservation of native vegetation in two primary production settings in South Australia. We use regression and multiple mediation analyses to test a base model of pro-environmental behaviour which includes variables from value-belief-norm (VBN) theory and then compare it to an expanded model which includes the same variables and five dimensions of place attachment. The expanded model including place attachment explained up to twice the amount of variance in native vegetation planting than the base model when controlling for all variables preceding behaviour, but the overall explanatory power was low (<22%). Place attachment had a stronger influence on the antecedents of behaviour compared with the behaviour itself, particularly nature bonding which was a significant moderate predictor of both personal norms and awareness of consequences in the two study regions. We assert that place attachment has statistically significant direct and indirect effects on variables included in VBN theory. Future studies may reveal stronger effects in settings where there are fewer resource and monetary costs associated with pro-environmental behaviour.     

EIA screening and nature protection in Denmark

The number of environmental impact assessment (EIA) screenings in Denmark has increased dramatically since 2000. This is a consequence of increased pig production as well as the concentration of production on larger farms. In the same period, EIA rules have developed primarily due to an increased focus on the protection of groundwater and Natura 2000 sites. In particular, the implementation of Natura 2000 in Danish legislation has increased the demands on many farms. In its rulings on appealed cases, the Nature Protection Board of Appeal has strengthened its demands, and this is mirrored in screening practices. In this paper, the demands formulated in the guidelines of local authorities were analysed in order to investigate how the protection of groundwater, coastal waters, lakes and Natura 2000 sites develops through EIA screening. It is concluded that the level of protection has improved, and that the main cause for this is not EIA regulations as such, but the positive role which the implementation of the Natura 2000 objectives has played in this development. However, it was also found that the formulation of demands varies greatly between the counties, thus often resulting in ambiguity and leaving room for quite different practices in different counties.     

An institutional theoretic investigation on the links between internationalization of Chinese manufacturers and their environmental supply chain management

Increased market internationalization with more and stricter environmental regulations in different countries has caused manufacturers to extend their environmental management practices to cover their supply chain partners. Thus, environmental supply chain management (ESCM) has become an important competitive and environmental strategy for manufacturers to pursue. China, as a global manufacturer, is also facing this balance of economic development with environmental protection. The literature remains unclear on whether internationalization is beneficial or costly when it comes to environmental management practices such as ESCM within China. Further insight into this issue will be useful for organizations in developing and emergent economies to more effectively prepare for internationalizing their operations and markets. Using internationalization drivers that propel the implementation of environmental management practices in the Chinese manufacturing industry, we applied cluster analysis to group a sample of 377 Chinese manufacturers surveyed in 2007 into three clusters: mature internationalization, emergent internationalization, and domestic-focused. Institutional theory within an internationalization context sets the theoretical foundation for evidence that the international environmentally oriented institutional drivers encountered are positively associated with the adoption of ESCM practices by Chinese manufacturers. We also find significant differences in the environmental, economic and operational performance outcomes across the three manufacturer clusters. We conclude that manufacturing organizations experiencing internationalization with a greater extent of adopting ESCM practices tend to perform better.     

基于模糊方法的电除尘器火花率模型的研究

研究静电除尘器火花跟踪控制方式在不同煤种中的最佳火花率问题.火花率、燃煤灰分与除尘效率之间的关系非常复杂,难以建立精确的数学模型.利用模糊理论解决不同煤种对电除尘器最佳火花率的影响问题,根据实际的应用经验建立了由电场火花率、燃煤灰分决定电除尘器除尘效率的模糊关系.仿真结果表明,所采用的方法能根据不同煤种的变化找到电场的...