施用不同尿素对稻季不同层次土壤溶液中氮形态的影响

在太湖地区乌栅土上,利用大型原状土柱比较研究了不同尿素品种、施肥量(0、普通尿素150、300和包膜尿素100、150 kg·hm-2,以N计算)处理对稻季不同层次(30、65、80 cm)土壤氮素动态变化的影响.结果表明:所有处理渗漏水中NO3--N质量浓度均低于饮用水标准,常规施肥未显著增加氮的淋溶损失;各处理在不同层次土壤均发生反硝化作用;包膜尿素促进土壤反硝化强度,在65 cm和80 cm处尤为明显.施用包膜尿素可能增强浅层地下水的反硝化作用而降低水体NO3--N质量浓度.其影响机理及在对其它类型土壤上氮素淋失和反硝化的影响,值得进一步研究.     

一体化膜生物反应器处理低C/N污水试验研究

研究一体化连续流间歇曝气膜生物反应器(IMBR)处理低C/N城市污水的工艺效能。试验结果表明:反应器在曝气2 h、搅拌2 h的运行模式下,对COD、NH4+-N、TN和SS的平均去除率分别达到了87%,83.4%,75.4%和97.81%,各出水质量浓度平均值分别为17.5,4.59,7.63和2 mg/L,出水水质达到了GB/T18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》标准。     

Combining a generic process-based productivity model and a statistical classification method to predict the presence and absence of tree species in the Pacific Northwest,U.S.A.

Although long-lived tree species experience considerable environmental variation over their life spans, their geographical distributions reflect sensitivity mainly to mean monthly climatic conditions. We introduce an approach that incorporates a physiologically based growth model to illustrate how a half-dozen tree species differ in their responses to monthly variation in four climatic-related variables: water availability, deviations from an optimum temperature, atmospheric humidity deficits, and the frequency of frost. Rather than use climatic data directly to correlate with a species’ distribution, we assess the relative constraints of each of the four variables as they affect predicted monthly photosynthesis for Douglas-fir, the most widely distributed species in the region. We apply an automated regression-tree analysis to create a suite of rules, which differentially rank the relative importance of the four climatic modifiers for each species, and provide a basis for predicting a species’ presence or absence on 3737 uniformly distributed U.S. Forest Services’ Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) field survey plots. Results of this generalized rule-based approach were encouraging, with weighted accuracy, which combines the correct prediction of both presence and absence on FIA survey plots, averaging 87%. A wider sampling of climatic conditions throughout the full range of a species’ distribution should improve the basis for creating rules and the possibility of predicting future shifts in the geographic distribution of species.     

Effects of experimental protocol on global vegetation model accuracy: A comparison of simulated and observed vegetation patterns for Asia

Prognostic vegetation models have been widely used to study the interactions between environmental change and biological systems. This study examines the sensitivity of vegetation model simulations to: (i) the selection of input climatologies representing different time periods and their associated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, (ii) the choice of observed vegetation data for evaluating the model results, and (iii) the methods used to compare simulated and observed vegetation. We use vegetation simulated for Asia by the equilibrium vegetation model BIOME4 as a typical example of vegetation model output. BIOME4 was run using 19 different climatologies and their associated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. The Kappa statistic, Fuzzy Kappa statistic and a newly developed map-comparison method, the Nomad index, were used to quantify the agreement between the biomes simulated under each scenario and the observed vegetation from three different global land- and tree-cover data sets: the global Potential Natural Vegetation data set (PNV), the Global Land Cover Characteristics data set (GLCC), and the Global Land Cover Facility data set (GLCF). The results indicate that the 30-year mean climatology (and its associated atmospheric CO₂ concentration) for the time period immediately preceding the collection date of the observed vegetation data produce the most accurate vegetation simulations when compared with all three observed vegetation data sets. The study also indicates that the BIOME4-simulated vegetation for Asia more closely matches the PNV data than the other two observed vegetation data sets. Given the same observed data, the accuracy assessments of the BIOME4 simulations made using the Kappa, Fuzzy Kappa and Nomad index map-comparison methods agree well when the compared vegetation types consist of a large number of spatially continuous grid cells. The results of this analysis can assist model users in designing experimental protocols for simulating vegetation.     

基于管理成熟度的大型水利水电工程环境绩效评价研究

借鉴项目管理成熟度模型的研究方法,构建了大型水利水电工程环境管理成熟度模型,对模型的组成、内容和评价方法进行了定义.结合大型水利水电工程施工过程中的生态环境影响因素分析,建立了大型水利水电工程的环境绩效评价体系,并采用数据包络分析(DEA)动态评估模型进行了环境管理成熟模型评价.案例研究表明,大型水利水电工程环境绩效评价结果能较好的反映出工程施工期间的环境管理成熟度水平,并能反映持续改进方面的环境贡献,研究成果对于改善我国大型水利水电工程建设对生态环境的影响及制定相关政策具有重要意义.     

四川桤柏混交林土壤N2O排放的实测与模拟

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对川中丘陵区桤柏混交林土壤N2O排放进行了连续两年的测定.通过与Forest-DNDC模型模拟进行对比分析,结果表明,模型能够较好地模拟林地土壤N2O排放.2005和2006年模型模拟的土壤N2O年平均排放速率为15.02,14.03mg/(m2×h),分别为实际观测值的85.7%和87.5%.2005和2006年的实际观测值与模型模拟值之间差异均不显著(P>0.05),模拟有效系数分别为0.56和0.51.以2005年降雨量和气温为基准利用模型进行情景分析,结果表明,本地区降雨量在±30%范围内变化时,林地土壤N2O排放量的变化幅度不超过25%;气温在±3℃范围内变化时,林地土壤N2O排放量的变化幅度不超过10%.     

由贵金属取代的钙钛矿催化剂对碳烟的催化性能

用柠檬酸法制备了不同贵金属取代的钙钛矿LaCo0.96X0.04O3(X为Pt、Pd、Rh、Au、Ag)催化剂,用热重法测试了催化剂对碳烟的催化活性,采用程序升温还原法(H2-TPR)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、能量谱仪(EDS)和红外光谱(FTIR)对催化剂进行了测试.结果表明,催化剂LaCo0.96Ag0.04O3催化活性最高,起燃温度为449℃,远低于LaCoO3的504℃;各贵金属取代的钙钛矿LaCoO3的TPR还原峰变化各异;XRD特征峰的衍射角向高角度偏移,说明各贵金属进入了钙钛矿结构相;能谱图显示各贵金属进入钙钛矿相的量不同.     

The Potential for Species Conservation in Tropical Secondary Forests

Abstract: In the wake of widespread loss of old‐growth forests throughout the tropics, secondary forests will likely play a growing role in the conservation of forest biodiversity. We considered a complex hierarchy of factors that interact in space and time to determine the conservation potential of tropical secondary forests. Beyond the characteristics of local forest patches, spatial and temporal landscape dynamics influence the establishment, species composition, and persistence of secondary forests. Prospects for conservation of old‐growth species in secondary forests are maximized in regions where the ratio of secondary to old‐growth forest area is relatively low, older secondary forests have persisted, anthropogenic disturbance after abandonment is relatively low, seed‐dispersing fauna are present, and old‐growth forests are close to abandoned sites. The conservation value of a secondary forest is expected to increase over time, as species arriving from remaining old‐growth forest patches accumulate. Many studies are poorly replicated, which limits robust assessments of the number and abundance of old‐growth species present in secondary forests. Older secondary forests are not often studied and few long‐term studies are conducted in secondary forests. Available data indicate that both old‐growth and second‐growth forests are important to the persistence of forest species in tropical, human‐modified landscapes.     

不同C/N值下亚硝酸盐氧化菌和异养菌混合体系的微生物多样性

采用PCR-RFLP技术研究了不同C/N比下亚硝酸盐氧化菌及异养菌混合体系的微牛物多样性,并探讨了微生物菌群结构与其功能(硝化件能)的关系.C/N=0时,混合体系主要由自养菌和寡营养菌(85.1%)组成,包括亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)、拟杆菌门、α-变形菌纲、浮霉菌门和绿色非硫细菌中的一些菌株.C/N=0.44时,混合体系中的自养菌减少,异养菌(主要是γ-变形菌纲的成员)大量出现.C/N=8.82时,γ-变形菌纲的菌株尤其是反硝化菌Pseudomonas sp.占主导(93.8%),与此同时,随着C/N升高,该混合体系的硝化性能也由专一的亚硝酸盐氧化过程转变为同时硝化反硝化过程.微生物菌群结构的转变较好地解释了其硝化性能的改变.本研究揭示了微生物菌群结构与其功能的内在联系,同时表明PCR-RFLP技术与化学分析相结合是研究微生物菌群结构与功能的有力工具.图3表2参13     

Effects of ozone on chlorophyll and quantum yield of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties

Plants of Bel-W3 and of seven commercial tobacco varieties (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were exposed to two relatively low ozone concentrations (90 or 135 ppb) for 20 consecutive days, for 8 h per day. Ozone caused necrotic and chlorotic spots, acceleration of leaf senescence, depression of photosynthetic mechanism, chlorophyll diminution and greater destruction of chl a than of chl b. The higher sensitivity of chl a was also confirmed by exposure of segments of leaves in test tubes to high ozone concentration (>1000 ppb) as well as by bubbling of ozone in extracts of chlorophyll in vitro. The quantum yield (QY) of photosynthesis was positively correlated with the chlorophyll content and negatively correlated with the visible injury and the chl b/a ratio.