A Global Baseline for Spawning Aggregations of Reef Fishes

Abstract: Species that periodically and predictably congregate on land or in the sea can be extremely vulnerable to overexploitation. Many coral reef fishes form spawning aggregations that are increasingly the target of fishing. Although serious declines are well known for a few species, the extent of this behavior among fishes and the impacts of aggregation fishing are not appreciated widely. To profile aggregating species globally, establish a baseline for future work, and strengthen the case for protection, we (as members of the Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations) developed a global database on the occurrence, history, and management of spawning aggregations. We complemented the database with information from interviews with over 300 fishers in Asia and the western Pacific. Sixty‐seven species, mainly commercial, in 9 families aggregate to spawn in the 29 countries or territories considered in the database. Ninety percent of aggregation records were from reef pass channels, promontories, and outer reef‐slope drop‐offs. Multispecies aggregation sites were common, and spawning seasons of most species typically lasted <3 months. The best‐documented species in the database, the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), has undergone substantial declines in aggregations throughout its range and is now considered threatened. Our findings have important conservation and management implications for aggregating species given that exploitation pressures on them are increasing, there is little effective management, and 79% of those aggregations sufficiently well documented were reported to be in decline. Nonetheless, a few success stories demonstrate the benefits of aggregation management. A major shift in perspective on spawning aggregations of reef fish, from being seen as opportunities for exploitation to acknowledging them as important life‐history phenomena in need of management, is urgently needed.     

N，N－二甲基甲酰胺在血液中代谢物S－（N－甲基氨基甲酰）谷胱甘肽的气质联用方法

根据先将ＳＭＧ转化为乙基、Ｎ－甲基氨基酸盐（ＥＭＣ），然后以气相色谱－质谱联用手段测定所产生的ＥＭＣ的原理，发展出一种定量检测大鼠血清中ＳＭＧ及其他Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯类物质的分析方法．方法采用人工合成的ＳＭＧ和ＥＭＣ进行标定，每次测定需要样品量为０．５ｍＬ，方法的合理检出极限为ｃ（ＳＭＧ）＝１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ．     

活性炭应用测试新技术——微型快速穿透实验

进行了微型快速穿透(MCRB)实验与中小型、小型传统穿透实验方法的对照实验,结果表明,MCRB实验适用于模拟大型活性炭床的穿透情况,预测处理费用以及精选活性炭.MCRB实验加快了实验速度,避免了传统穿透实验中常见的问题.空床接触时间(EBCT)、活性炭粒径对MCRB实验有一定影响.使用粒径120～180目的活性炭,MCRB实验的压力一般小于3.03×10⁵Pa.MCRB实验对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)和甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)模拟废水的吸附处理获得合理的研究结果.     

碳氮比对分段进水生物脱氮的影响

探讨了6组不同的碳氮比(C/N)对分段进水生物脱氮工艺中进水流量分配、每一段中缺氧区好氧区容积比以及脱氮效率的影响.将进水总氮浓度恒定为42mg/L(凯氏氮浓度为40mg/L),以比较出水总氮浓度.结果表明,在一定C/N条件下,通过调整进水流量分配和每一段缺氧区与好氧区容积比可达到高于95%的总氮去除率.同时污泥体积指数也会随着进水流量分配系数的升高而增大.出水总氮浓度主要是由进水流量分配所决定,每一段中缺氧区好氧区的容积比影响不大.     

甾体雌激素废水中优势降解菌的分离及特性

从某避孕药生产厂污水处理站好氧池活性污泥中通过富集驯化,分离到一株降解甾体雌激素(3-甲氧基-17a羟基-1,3,5(10),8(9)-雌甾-4-烯,简称MHE)的细菌ZY3菌株.经形态及16SrDNA序列分析初步鉴定,该菌株属于Raoultella属(Raoultellasp.).经过对ZY3菌株以MHE为唯一碳源生长和降解特性的分析表明,ZY3菌株利用MHE生长的最适温度和pH值分别为35℃和10.0,72h内的最适降解浓度为10mg/L.加入营养物质麦芽糖和蛋白胨能促进菌株对底物的降解,在72h内降解率达到了87%和85%.     

准好氧填埋结构ch4含量分布变化研究

依据准好氧填埋原理构建了填埋试验装置,对甲烷、氧气在准好氧填埋体中不同层次的体积分数进行了监测。结果表明:垃圾填埋体下层φ(ch₄)为33 1%,φ(O₂)为1 1%;中层φ(ch₄)为15 0%,φ(O₂)为4 2%;上层φ(ch₄)为3 1%,φ(O₂)为12 2%。而厌氧填埋结构的φ(ch₄):下层为31 5%,中层为32 6%,上层为22 0%。在准好氧填埋结构条件下,φ(ch₄)的分布具有下层>中层>上层的层次特性;φ(O₂)呈上层>中层>下层的规律性。在准好氧填埋、厌氧填埋体中,φ(ch₄)的平均值分别为17 0%和29 0%。      

超声技术降解对氯苯酚的研究

研究了超声降解对氯苯酚(4-cp)溶液的规律和超声波对其降解效果的影响因素。实验结果说明溶液的初始浓度、辐射时间、作用频率和作用功率、pH值等因素对对氯苯酚降解效果有明显影响。实验的最佳方案是:溶液的初始浓度为50.30mg/L、超声辐射时间为360min、作用频率为59kHz和作用功率为90W。     

Al3+离子掺杂对负载TiO2薄膜光催化活性的影响

以钛酸丁酯和Al2(SO4)3·18H2O为原料,采用溶胶凝胶法在钛片、玻璃、釉面瓷砖、陶瓷、不锈钢和铝片六种载体上制备了Al3+掺杂TiO2薄膜,讨论了不同Al3+掺杂浓度下,不同载体表面上制备的TiO2薄膜对甲基橙脱色率的影响。试验结果表明Al3+对TiO2薄膜的掺杂效果与载体的类型密切相关,并且不同载体其Al3+掺杂的最佳浓度也不同。Al3+掺杂后,TiO2薄膜光催化活性提高最大的是玻璃,其次是釉面瓷砖、铝片、钛片、陶瓷,最差的是负载不锈钢。     

氯仿萃取法处理4-氨基安替比林的研究

用氯仿萃取法处理4-氨基安替比林可获得较低的空白测定消光值,并且步骤简便,易于操作。     

活性污泥工艺中加代谢解偶联剂降低污泥产率的研究

2,4,5-三氯苯酚（TCP）作为代谢解偶联剂投加到连续曝气分批培养的活性污泥工艺中,在30d的运行期间,TCP质量浓度为2．0mg／L和4．0mg／L的污泥产率分别比对照反应下降了约25％和50％,而基质的去除率及出水的氮和磷浓度均未受很大影响,污泥的沉降性能也未受影响。镜检发现,30d运行后对照实验的反应器中仍有丝状菌,而投加TCP反应器的污泥中几乎未发现丝状菌的存在。应用TCP作为代谢解偶联剂投加到活性污泥工艺中可减少剩余污泥的产量。