地膜覆盖对稻-油轮作农田温室气体排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的稻-油轮作为研究对象,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,对覆膜和对照(不覆膜)处理下稻油轮作CO2、CH4和N2O排放特征进行了为期1 a的原位观测.结果表明,稻-油轮作农田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量均呈现出明显的季节变化,且2种处理下这3种温室气体的季节变化模式相似.覆膜处理下稻-油轮作农田全年CH_4排放量为(46. 14±13. 40) kg·hm~(-2),相比于对照处理下的(18. 61±2. 05) kg·hm~(-2),提高了147. 93%(P 0. 05),但覆膜对CO_2和N_2O的排放影响并不显著,覆膜及对照处理下CO2年排放量分别是(-47. 54±2. 11) t·hm~(-2)和(-47. 60±2. 19) t·hm~(-2),N2O年排放量分别是(18. 94±4. 74) kg·hm~(-2)和(23. 14±3. 68) kg·hm~(-2).覆膜和对照处理下GWP值分别为-41. 16 t·hm~(-2)和-40. 95 t·hm~(-2),表现为大气温室气体的吸收汇,但差异并不显著.     

顶空气相色谱法测定土壤中BTEX

本文采用顶空气相色谱法从土壤样品中分离挥发性有机物。应用该技术,苯、甲苯、乙基苯及二甲苯异构体（ＢＴＥＸ）均得到有效分离。该方法有较好的精密度（变异系数６５％,回收率８９～１０３％）和低的检出限（对于苯为０５ｎｇ／ｇ）。土壤样品中加入水或加热,可提高方法的灵敏度。     

矿井瓦斯控爆技术及材料研究进展

瓦斯爆炸灾害防治一直是我国煤矿安全研究的热点、难点。通过对国内外相关文献总结分析,从瓦斯抑爆装置、抑爆介质及抑爆机理3个方面综述了目前国内外矿井瓦斯抑爆技术及抑爆材料的研究现状,提出了未来的发展方向。研究结果表明:瓦斯抑爆技术的有效性和可靠性主要取决于抑爆介质的物理化学性质、控爆空间几何参数、爆炸特性参数和抑爆系统中爆炸探测方式等因素;结合瓦斯爆炸链式反应理论和探测技术的发展,研究应更多地关注抑爆过程的微观特性,揭示其详细的抑爆作用机理,为探寻新型高效、绿色抑爆材料提供更有力的理论支持。     

基于模糊Petri网的城市突发性燃气短缺应急能力评估

为了有效地降低在城市突发性燃气短缺应急能力评估过程中应急能力影响因素的不确定性和模糊性对评估结果的影响,提出基于模糊Petri网的城市突发性燃气短缺应急能力评估方法。通过分析城市突发性燃气短缺应急事前-事中-事后过程的影响因素,根据评估准则构建出1个包括5个二级指标和26个三级指标的应急能力评估指标体系;针对评估指标体系复杂且变迁的权重值缺乏客观性等问题,引入模糊推理算子与层次分析法,采取定性与定量相结合的方法对评估体系进行应急能力评估。实例仿真结果表明,与传统的评估方法相比,利用模糊Petri网对应急能力评估的结果更加准确和科学。     

陆上原油长输管道泄漏爆炸事故情景构建研究

以某陆上原油长输管道为例,设定了陆上原油长输管道泄漏爆炸事故情景背景信息及演化过程,从预防、准备、预警、响应、恢复等阶段,梳理分析了事故情景应对全过程的任务及职责主体;针对各项任务从计划预案、人员队伍、装备物资、培训演练、运行机制等方面开展了情景应对能力评估;并针对存在的差距和不足,从企业和政府2个层面提出了针对此类情景的应急能力提升对策建议。该研究可为相关政府及企业加强油气长输管道事故应急准备能力建设提供参考。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中的丙烯腈

为了建立采用毛细管柱测定工作场所空气中丙烯腈浓度的方法,使用活性炭管采集工作场所空气中的丙烯腈,二硫化碳溶液解吸,毛细管柱分离后,用氢火焰离子化检测器检测。结果显示:丙烯腈的检出限为0.73μg/ml,相关系数为0.9998,解吸效率94.3%～104.7%,相对标准偏差为0.41%～1.0%。因此,该方法灵敏度高、检测准确、操作性强,可提高丙烯腈的检测效率,适用于工作场所空气中丙烯腈的分析。     

瓦斯压力对卸荷原煤力学特性及能量特征的影响

运用自主研制的含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流试验装置,以原煤煤样作为研究对象,进行了含瓦斯煤固定轴向压力、卸围压的渗流试验,研究了卸围压过程中瓦斯压力对煤样力学特性和能量特征的影响。结果表明:在轴压加载阶段,煤样的变形模量基本不变,泊松比逐渐减小;在定轴压卸围压阶段,煤样的变形模量先小幅度增加,然后逐渐减小,泊松比则逐渐增大。瓦斯压力越高,煤样的承载能力越低,煤样发生破坏时相应的轴向应变和围压卸荷量百分比越小,而煤样破坏时的径向变形和扩容量越大。各应变围压柔量Δεi与瓦斯压力呈线性关系且线性相关性良好。随瓦斯压力升高,轴向应变的围压敏感性降低,径向应变和体积应变的围压敏感性显著升高。随瓦斯压力升高,煤样发生破坏时存储的弹性应变能Ue减小,而总能量U、耗散能Ud和耗散能比例Ud/U都增大。     

PVC电缆火灾早期特征气体的组成分析和传感器探测

利用气体传感器对电缆绝缘过热释放的气体进行监测有望实现电气火灾早期预警,目前该技术的发展由于特征气体未得到确认而受到限制。分析了聚氯乙烯(PVC)电缆绝缘层在不同温度下释放的气体组成,并对其主要成分进行传感器测试。TG-IR和GC-MS分析表明PVC电缆绝缘层在200℃前已出现微小失重,释放出以邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)等塑化剂为主的气体。气敏测试中,商用半导体气体传感器对DOP和电缆蒸气产生较好、相似的响应性能。因此,DOP可以作为PVC电缆火灾早期的特征气体。     

Corrosion failure probability analysis of buried gas pipelines based on subset simulation

Corrosion is the main reason for the failure of buried gas pipelines. For effective corrosion failure probability analysis, the structural reliability theory was adopted in this study to establish two calculation models for pipeline corrosion failure: the pressure failure model and von Mises stress failure model. Then, two calculation models for the corrosion failure probability were established based on a corrosion depth growth model obtained from actual survey data of soil corrosion characteristics. In an example, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and subset simulation (SS) were used to analyze the corrosion failure probability of pipelines, and the results were compared. SS can compensate for the shortcomings of MCS as it has higher computational efficiency and accuracy. Therefore, SS was adopted to simulate variations in the corrosion failure probability of buried pipelines with the service time for the two failure probability calculation models, which were applied to a natural gas pipeline located in a chemical industry park in Zhuhai, China. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the relevant parameters that affect the failure probability. The results showed that multiple loads caused by the covering soil, residual stress, temperature differential, and bending stress have a non-negligible effect on the pipeline reliability. The corrosion coefficients gradually become the most important factors that affect the failure probability with increased service time. The proposed methodology considers the actual operating conditions of pipelines to provide a reliable theoretical basis for integrity management.     

Analysis of crater formation in buried NG pipelines: A survey based on past accidents and evaluation of domino effect

The formation of a crater by the abrupt and catastrophic rupture of a high-pressure pipeline can be highly relevant, especially when the crater uncovers other pipelines, which could undergo a domino effect with a significant increase of the consequences on people or on the environment. However, this scenario has been only partially studied in the literature. To assess the influence of the pipeline parameters on the dimensions of the resulting crater, a statistical analysis of accidental ruptures of buried natural gas pipelines that have involved the formation of a crater was carried out. Mathematical expressions are proposed to describe the proportionality relationships found, which can be very useful to support adequate separation distances in the design and construction of parallel corridors of pipelines after appropriate escalating effects are considered. Finally, detailed event trees were developed to calculate the probability of occurrence of the final outcomes, as well as the identified domino sequences, based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data. The study of these accident scenarios, based on actual cases, represents a useful and needed advance in risk analysis of natural gas transportation through pipelines.