Characterization of primary precipitate composition formed during co-removal of Cr(VI) with Cu(II) in synthetic wastewater

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] cannot react with either carbonate or hydroxide to form chromium precipitates. However, by using a precipitation technology to treat plating wastewater containing Cr(VI), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II), approximately 78% of Cr(VI) (initial 60 mg/L) was co-removed with the precipitation of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) (each 150 mg/L) by dosing with Na2CO3 (Sun 2003). Direct precipitation by forming Cu(II)-Cr(VI) precipitates followed by adsorption of Cr(VI) onto freshly formed Cu-precipitates was subsequently found to be the main mechanism(s) involved in Cr(VI) co-removal with Cu(II) precipitation by dosing Na2CO3 stepwise to various pH values (Sun et al. 2003). This study was. carried out to further characterize the formation of primary precipitates during the early stages of copper precipitation and simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) with Cu(II). METHODS: Test metal-solutions were prepared with industrial grade chemicals: CuCl2 x 2H2O, Na2SO4 and K2Cr2207. NaCO3 was added drop-wise to synthetic metal-solution to progressively increase pH. For each pH increment, removal of soluble metals was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and surface morphology of precipitates was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). To further characterize the formation of primary precipitates, a series of MINEQL+ thermodynamic calculations/analyses and equilibrium calculations/ analyses were conducted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: MINEQL+ thermodynamic calculation indicated that, for a system containing 150 mg/L Cu(II) and 60 mg/L Cr(VI) with gradual Na2CO3 dosing, if any precipitates can be formed at pH 5.0 or lower, it should be in the form of CuCrO4. Comparison tests using systems containing the same equivalent of Cu(II) plus Cr(VI) and Cu(II) plus SO4(2-) showed that the precipitation occurred at a pH of around 5.0 in the Cu(II)-Cr(VI) system and around 6.0 in the Cu(II)-SO4(2-) system. The discrepancy of the precipitation was indeed caused by the formation of Cu-Cr precipitates. The initiation of copper removal at pH around 5.0 for the Cu-Cr co-removal test was not attributable to the formation of Cu-CO3 precipitates, instead, it was most likely through the formation of insoluble Cu-Cr precipitates, such as CuCrO4 and CuCrO4 x 2Cu(OH)2. Experimental tests, equilibrium calculations, MINEQL+ thermodynamic calculations and surface morphologies for systems using higher concentrations of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) further verified the most probable composition of primary precipitates is copper-chromate. CONCLUSION: In the Cu-Cr co-removal test with Na2O3 dosing to increase pH and induce metal precipitation, copper-chromate precipitates are the primary precipitates produced and contribute to the initial simultaneous removal of copper and chromium.     

5种吸附剂对水中离子液体的吸附性能

实验研究了蒙脱土、活性白土、人造沸石、活性炭和水滑石5种吸附材料在25℃和50℃下对[Bmim]Cl的吸附过程,结果表明,蒙脱土对离子液体的去除效果最好,温度对活性炭的吸附有一定的影响,而对其他吸附剂的影响不大,说明这些无机矿物发生了离子交换型吸附过程。实验进一步研究了蒙脱土在25℃下对[Bmim]Cl、[Bmim]BF4、[Bmim]PF6、[Bmim]DBP、[Hmim]Cl和[Omim]Cl 6种离子液体的吸附行为,结果表明,对于阳离子相同的离子液体,阴离子对吸附影响不大;对于阴离子相同的离子液体,其饱和吸附量随着阳离子链长的增加而减小。     

污泥焚烧中Cd形态转化的热力学平衡模拟

采用热力学平衡分析方法,结合典型污泥成分和焚烧条件预测了污泥焚烧过程中重金属Cd的转化和迁移规律。模拟计算中考虑了主量矿物质与Cl、S对Cd的形态转化的影响。研究结果表明,污泥焚烧过程中,在低温的条件下Cd主要以固体碳酸盐形式存在,随着温度升高,碳酸盐分解为固态CdO,随后有气态Cd(OH)2、Cd和CdO生成,并且在较高温度主要以气态Cd存在。焚烧体系中,矿物质SiO2对Cd的形态转化影响大于其他矿物质,SiO2能与Cd结合生成稳定的CdSiO3,从而可有效抑制含Cd气态污染物的排放。焚烧体系中Cl较易与Cd结合形成CdCl2而导致Cd的挥发,Cl含量的增加促进了Cd在焚烧体系中的挥发。在低温阶段,Cd易与S结合形成固态硫酸盐,抑制了金属的挥发;在高温阶段,金属的形态转化基本不受S的影响,但是可以影响气态金属Cd的生成温度。根据污泥在不同焚烧温度、Cl含量、S含量条件下Cd的不同产物形态,可以对Cd的污染进行有效控制。     

高填路堤边坡失稳机理与处治措施分析

高填路堤稳定性已成为制约山区高速公路建设的重要因素。以某失稳高填路堤为工程背景,基于将填方路堤和原 始地基作为整体边坡考虑的基本思路,根据现场调查、勘察成果,构建典型地质剖面模型,通过极限平衡条分法,对边 坡稳定性的影响因素,如水位、岩土体重度、内聚力、摩擦角等进行敏感性分析,计算得到边坡潜在滑动面剪出口与现 场实际基本一致,并分析其失稳是在持续强降雨入渗、填方路基土强度弱化后,在填筑路堤、粉质粘土夹碎石层与基岩 交界面顺层滑动剪出;最后分析不同抗滑桩设置位置、强度、间距支护作用下边坡安全系数及潜在滑面情况,推荐在距 离坡脚5 m处设置抗滑桩且其每米间距强度应大于250 t的处治方案。     

新常态下如何实现环境保护的纳什均衡

从自然资源和生态环境的公共性出发,认为以经济建设为中心的政策选择,促成了以淡视生态环境为前提的均衡策略,让经济发展与环境保护之间形成"坏"的纳什均衡,而新常态能够为经济发展和环境保护之间达成好的纳什均衡提供了改革保障、法制保障和经济保障,因此,新常态下的生态文明建设能够解套环境保护的"囚徒困境",最重要的任务是借助政府这一外力制定新的"游戏规则",以打破原有的"纳什均衡",通过建立健全环境成本内部化的政策措施和生态补偿机制、改革政绩考核机制实现对绿色发展的激励等措施,推进经济发展与环境保护之间达成理想的"纳什均衡"。     

建筑火灾增长阶段室内温度的时间特性研究

为研究建筑火灾增长阶段室内温度的时间变化规律,提出了高温烟气的主要几种热损失的计算方法,发展了受火室与未受火室及环境的热平衡方程,并采用牛顿-拉菲尔森法迭代得到受火室的温度变化.计算了慢速、中速、快速、超快速四种火灾增长速率下,受火室气相温度及烟气热损失随时间的变化.本文的研究方法及有关结果可以为建筑防火及安全疏散提供有力依据.     

Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions

In this study, the surface chemical functional groups of Bacillus cereus biomass were identified by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analytical technique. It had been shown that the B. cereus cells mainly contained carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, amino and amide functional groups. The potentiometric titration was conducted to explain the surface acid-base properties of aqueous B. cereus biomass. The computer program FITEQL 4.0 was used to perform the model calculations. The optimization results indicated that three sitesthree pKas model, which assumed the cell surface to have three distinct types of surface organic functional groups based on the IR analysis results, simulated the experimental results very well. Moreover, batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate biosorption behavior of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions onto the biomass. Obviously, the adsorption equilibrium data for the two ions were reasonably described by typical Langmuir isotherm.     

氨法脱硫反应特性的化学动力学分析

对采用氨法脱除烟气中SO2过程的反应特性进行了热力学和动力学分析．结果显示,氨法脱硫反应活化能较低,只要温度控制适当,氨法脱硫具有很高的平衡常数(或转化率)和良好的动力学特性．同时,根据实验结果拟合整理出了实验温度范围内氨法脱硫反应的Arrhenius方程,分析了温度对氨法脱硫反应速率的具体影响．     

Comparision of China’s volatile organic compound pollution management: a computable general equilibrium approach

The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound (VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China, arousing increasing attention to emissions control. In this context, this paper analyses the effectiveness of VOC reduction policies, namely pollution charges and environmental taxes at the national and industrial sector levels. It uses a computable general equilibrium model, which connects macroeconomic variables with VOC emissions inventory, to simulate the effects of policy scenarios (with 2007 as the reference year). This paper shows that VOC emissions are reduced by 2.2% when a pollution charge equal to the average cost of engineering reduction methods – the traditional approach to regulation in China – is applied. In order to achieve a similar reduction, an 8.9% indirect tax would have to be imposed. It concludes that an environmental tax should be the preferred method of VOC regulation due to its smaller footprint on the macroeconomy. Other policies, such as subsidies, should be used as supplements.     

城市新城区公园沟塘沉积物磷释放风险及影响因素分析

以合肥蜀峰湾体育公园5个水塘和3条沟渠为对象,采集表层沉积物及上覆水样,测算不同季节表层沉积物磷平衡浓度（EPC₀）,并解析其对外源碳或氮添加的响应,据此评估沉积物磷释放风险水平,识别主要环境影响因素.结果表明,该城市公园沟塘沉积物磷素污染处于轻-中度污染水平,总磷（TP）含量为209.28~713.51 mg·kg^-1,生物有效磷含量占TP的质量分数为18.51%~36.21%;环境背景情形下水塘沉积物EPC₀变化范围为0.012~0.142 mg·L^-1（均值0.057 mg·L^-1）,沟渠EPC₀变化范围为0.036~0.156 mg·L^-1（均值0.078 mg·L^-1）;外源碳的添加导致水塘1、3和沟渠1的EPC₀值升高（其中水塘3上升约47.5%）,提高了沉积物磷释放风险,其余沟塘沉积物EPC₀值则出现下降（特别是水塘5下降约58.6%）,意味着磷释放风险水平下降;而在外源氮添加情形下,所有沟塘沉积物EPC₀值都出现了不同程度的下降（沟渠1、2的夏季情形除外）,特别是水塘2表现尤为显著（下降约51.6%）,表明沟塘沉积物磷吸收存在氮限制性;根据偏最小二乘回归分析（PLSR）结果,氮、磷对水塘和沟渠沉积物的EPC₀值影响存在差异.