Comparision of China’s volatile organic compound pollution management: a computable general equilibrium approach

The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound (VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China, arousing increasing attention to emissions control. In this context, this paper analyses the effectiveness of VOC reduction policies, namely pollution charges and environmental taxes at the national and industrial sector levels. It uses a computable general equilibrium model, which connects macroeconomic variables with VOC emissions inventory, to simulate the effects of policy scenarios (with 2007 as the reference year). This paper shows that VOC emissions are reduced by 2.2% when a pollution charge equal to the average cost of engineering reduction methods – the traditional approach to regulation in China – is applied. In order to achieve a similar reduction, an 8.9% indirect tax would have to be imposed. It concludes that an environmental tax should be the preferred method of VOC regulation due to its smaller footprint on the macroeconomy. Other policies, such as subsidies, should be used as supplements.     

泥石流运动饱和浓度和流量的实验研究

对泥石流饱和浓度的研究具有重要和普遍意义。目前泥石流饱和浓度的研究还不能解释泥石流运动的一些物理含义,也不能完全反映泥石流饱和和运动的浓度规律。本文通过对两种颗粒在水槽中运动的饱和浓度和流量的研究,给出了泥石流的饱和浓度计算公式。该公式有较好的物理含义,与有关的实验资料对比有较好的一致性。文中还给出了泥石流流量的计算公式,与野外资料对比,所给公式能覆盖这些野外资料数据。     

四钛酸钾晶须对亚甲基蓝吸附性能研究

利用四钛酸钾晶须作为吸附剂,研究了亚甲基蓝在其上的吸附行为,考察了吸附体系pH值、吸附剂用量、吸附时间对其吸附效果的影响.实验结果表明,四钛酸钾晶须对亚甲基蓝有较强的吸附力,得到的吸附等温线能较好的符合Freundlich方程,其R2都能达到0.991以上,吸附动力学可以用拟二级动力学模型描述.在碱性范围内四钛酸钾晶须...     

桑沟湾养殖水域表层沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附特征

在室内模拟扰动条件下,研究了桑沟湾养殖水域表层沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学及其吸附等温线,探讨了磷酸盐的吸附-解吸平衡质量浓度以及沉积物的源汇角色.结果表明,沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附主要发生在0～0.5 h,吸附平衡时间约为6 h,吸附动力学方程符合修正的Elovich模型,回归方程为： Q =85.536+35.512 ln t （r²=0.960 2）;低浓度条件下沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附等温线呈线性,线性方程为： Q =265.04 c _e-7.46（ Ｒ ²=0.965）,高浓度条件下沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型（ Ｒ ²=0.989）;沉积物中本底吸附态磷为7.46 μg/g,对磷的最大吸附量 Ｑ _max为769.23 μg/g;沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附-解吸平衡质量浓度EPC₀为0.028 mg/L,结合该区域水体磷酸盐含量情况,初步推断该区域的沉积物大多数时间充当的是磷源的角色.     

相平衡分配法在滇池沉积物环境质量评价中的应用研究

对滇池8个采样点沉积物固相和间隙水中的金属含量进行分析测定,用实测方法计算Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As等7种金属在滇池沉积物中的分配系数Kp,利用相平衡分配法和国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)中的Ⅲ类水质标准确定了滇池沉积物环境质量基准重点探讨了沉积物中的细颗粒物质(＜63μm)、酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、有机碳(TOC)等主要金属结合相对基准的校正方法.通过对118个样点沉积物中各金属的含量与确定的滇池沉积物环境质量基准值进行比较,结果表明,滇池沉积物存在较为严重的As、Cu、Zn、Cr污染,Pb、Cd污染有扩大的趋势.在外源污染得到控制、水质得到改善的情况下,滇池沉积物会成为内在的金属污染源.     

太湖和辽河沉积物重金属质量基准及生态风险评估

以太湖、辽河的表层沉积物为研究对象,运用相平衡分配法（EqP）初步探讨了两流域沉积物中4种重金属（Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn）的沉积物质量基准（C_SQC）推荐值,并对两流域沉积物中的重金属进行了生态风险评估. 根据美国国家环境保护局（US EPA）基于水生生物对重金属的最终慢性毒理水平的淡水水质基准,制定了太湖及辽河4种重金属（Cd,Cu,Pb和Zn）的沉积物质量基准推荐值分别为6.42,55.3,20.6和201.5 mg/kg及5.42,52.8,18.9和177.7 mg/kg. 通过与不同国家及地区制定的C_SQC值进行比较,推算出4种重金属的C_SQC值大都接近所有数据的中间值. 从沉积物固相和间隙水相2个不同的角度对沉积物中重金属进行的生态风险评估表明,两流域的大部分区域同步可提取重金属（SEM）与酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）含量的差值大于0,而_i［C_Ti］/［C_SQC,i］值与_i［C_IW,i］/［CCC_i］值均大于1,说明在整体上两流域沉积物中的重金属存一定的生态风险. 由于未考虑各金属元素之间的拮抗或协同等作用以及底栖生物敏感性的问题,所使用的生态风险方法在评价生态风险方面可能会相对有所偏差.      

Effects of the 2008 flood on economic performance and food security in Yemen: a simulation analysis

Extreme weather events such as floods and droughts can have devastating consequences for individual well being and economic development, in particular in poor societies with limited availability of coping mechanisms. Combining a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Yemeni economy with a household‐level calorie consumption simulation model, this paper assesses the economy‐wide, agricultural and food security effects of the 2008 tropical storm and flash flood that hit the Hadramout and Al‐Mahrah governorates. The estimation results suggest that agricultural value added, farm household incomes and rural food security deteriorated long term in the flood‐affected areas. Due to economic spillover effects, significant income losses and increases in food insecurity also occurred in areas that were unaffected by flooding. This finding suggests that while most relief efforts are typically concentrated in directly affected areas, future efforts should also consider surrounding areas and indirectly affected people.     

Production, consumption, and general equilibrium with physical constraints

This paper analyzes the consequences of integrating the conservation laws of mass and energy into the microeconomic models of production, consumption, and general equilibrium. We show that abstract models and especially general equilibrium theory are consistent with these physical constraints, but most applied and environmental economic models are not. We analyze the consequences of physical conservation laws for substitution possibilities and show that these constraints limit the number of independent substitution processes but not the value of the substitution elasticities. Finally, we propose a method for integrating physical constraints into static microeconomic models with a minimum of changes.     

Fluxes of NH3 and HNO3 over heathland in the Netherlands:implications for chemical interactions

The surface exchange of NH₃ and HNO₃ gases over heathland was measured with the aerodynamic gradient method in Leende,the Netherlands during April 25 and May 9,1991.Due to reactions in the system NH₃,HNO₃ and NH₄NO₃,the NH₃ deposition flux is overestimated,while HNO₃ shows apparent emission fluxes mostly during the field experiment.Results reveal that NH₃ gradients are influenced slightly by HNO₃ and the HNO₃ gradients are strongly controlled by the NH₃.A clear relationship between NH₃ and HNO₃ gradient is suggested by the Leende experiment. Before the late afternoon,NH₃ deposition gradients will cause HNO₃ upward gradients,meanwhile the NH₃ gradients themselves will become smaller.After the HNO₃ upward gradient reaches maximum,the NH₃ deposition gradients will be enlarged or the emission gradients depressed,while the HNO₃ upward gradients become smaller.     

热排水对原生动物群落的影响

在水温20—50℃范围内,应用PFU和挂片法收集原生动物群落。根据MacArthur-Wilson区系平衡模型S_i=S_(aq)(1-e~(-GT),用最小二乘法迭代,求得不同温度下群集过程的三个功能参数:S_(aq),G,t_(90)％。讨论了原生动物群落结构和功能参数与温度的关系。结果表明,原生动物群落的种类数和数量在30℃左右最多;原生动物群落的结构和功能以30℃为最佳,继续增温将使群落结构变简单,功能下降.