非离子有机物淡水沉积物质量基准推导方法——以林丹为例

沉积物质量基准是对水质基准的补充,对水质管理有重要意义.国际上有多种建立沉积物质量基准的方法,其中,相平衡分配法是美国环境保护局推荐使用的方法之一.相平衡分配法利用污染物的沉积物-水平衡分配系数(Kp)和水质基准中污染物的最终慢性毒性值(FCV)计算污染物的沉积物质量基准值(SQC).当缺乏污染物的沉积物生物毒性效应数...     

改进的粒子群算法及其在土坡临界滑动面搜索中的应用

首先,提出了一种新型的模拟任意滑动面的方法,该法能自动产生运动许可的滑动面。同时,针对基本粒子群优化算法存在计算量大的缺点,提出了一种改进的,即不连续飞行粒子群优化算法。利用Spencer法计算滑动面的安全系数,对几个复杂土坡的最小安全系数及其对应的滑动面进行了分析,并与国内外已有结果进行了比较,证明了改进粒子群优化算法和模拟滑动面的新方法是合理、有效的,可用于复杂优化问题的研究。     

Comparative equilibrium studies of sorption of Pb(II) ions by sodium and calcium alginate

The absorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution by di erent alginate compounds was studied in a batch sorption system. Water soluble sodium alginate and insoluble calcium alginate beads were investigated. The lead-binding capacity of both alginate compounds was highest within the pH range 6–8. The binding capacities and rates of Pb(II) ions by alginate compounds were evaluated. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Bruneaur, Emmet and Teller (BET) sorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherm constants. Sorption isothermal data could be well interpreted by the Langmuir model. The results obtained through the study suggest that alginate compounds are favorable sorbents. The largest amount of Pb(II) ions were bound by sodium alginate although the di erence between two compounds was slight. Therefore, alginate substances may be considered as an alternative for sorption and removal of Pb(II) ions from wastewaters.     

VOCs在线监测进样方式对非甲烷总烃测定的影响

采用正压、负压、大气平衡3种进样方式,研究了VOCs在线监测系统对非甲烷总烃测定的影响。探讨在大气平衡进样方式下定量环内压力、平衡时间、进样流量对非甲烷总烃测定的影响,研究结果表明：采用正压进样方式,定量环内正压增大,非甲烷总烃质量浓度偏高;采用负压进样方式,定量环内负压增大,非甲烷总烃质量浓度降低;采用大气平衡进样方式,定量环内压力、平衡时间、进样流量的增大或减小对非甲烷总烃测定没有明显影响。比较3种进样方式,大气平衡进样方式的VOCs在线监测系统能够提高非甲烷总烃在线监测结果的准确性和可靠性,更适用于污染源废气在线监测。     

Resilience-based approach to safety barrier performance assessment in process facilities

The performance assessment of safety barriers is essential to find vulnerable elements in a safety barrier system. Traditional performance assessment approaches mainly focus on using several static indicators for quantifying the performance of safety barriers. However, with the increasing complexity of the system, emerging hazards are highly uncertain, making it challenging for the static indicators to assess the performance of safety barriers. This paper proposes a resilience−based performance assessment method for safety barriers to overcome this problem. Safety barriers are classified according to their functions first. The dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is then introduced to calculate the availability function under normal and disruption conditions. The ratio of the system's availability, when affected by the disruption, to the initial availability, is used to determine the absorption capacity of the system. The ratio of the quantity of availability recovery to the total quantity of system represents the adaptation and restoration capacity of the system. The system's resilience is represented by the sum of absorption, adaptation, and restoration capacities. The wax oil hydrogenation process is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.     

Limitations of outsourcing on‐the‐ground biodiversity conservation

To counteract global species decline, modern biodiversity conservation engages in large projects, spends billions of dollars, and includes many organizations working simultaneously within regions. To add to this complexity, the conservation sector has hierarchical structure, where conservation actions are often outsourced by funders (foundations, government, etc.) to local organizations that work on‐the‐ground. In contrast, conservation science usually assumes that a single organization makes resource allocation decisions. This discrepancy calls for theory to understand how the expected biodiversity outcomes change when interactions between organizations are accounted for. Here, we used a game theoretic model to explore how biodiversity outcomes are affected by vertical and horizontal interactions between 3 conservation organizations: a funder that outsourced its actions and 2 local conservation organizations that work on‐the‐ground. Interactions between the organizations changed the spending decisions made by individual organizations, and thereby the magnitude and direction of the conservation benefits. We showed that funders would struggle to incentivize recipient organizations with set priorities to perform desired actions, even when they control substantial amounts of the funding and employ common contracting approaches to enhance outcomes. Instead, biodiversity outcomes depended on priority alignment across the organizations. Conservation outcomes for the funder were improved by strategic interactions when organizational priorities were well aligned, but decreased when priorities were misaligned. Meanwhile, local organizations had improved outcomes regardless of alignment due to additional funding in the system. Given that conservation often involves the aggregate actions of multiple organizations with different objectives, strategic interactions between organizations need to be considered if we are to predict possible outcomes of conservation programs or costs of achieving conservation targets.     

梯度洗脱离子色谱法测定降水中六种阴离子及离子平衡的讨论

研究了用KOH淋洗液自动发生一离子色谱法测定降水中无机阴离子F-、C1-、SO42-、NO3-和有机酸根甲酸根、乙酸根的梯度淋洗条件,该方法17rain内可将降水中的6个阴离子全部分离,回归曲线线性良好,检出限在O．011～0．057mg／L,相对标准偏差为0．96％～2．4％,加标回收率在94．4％～104％,是一种较理想的测定降水中阴离子的方法。其中甲酸和乙酸的测定作为常规降水检测的一个补充,可通过离子平衡检验来确定降水中是否加测甲酸和乙酸。     

巢湖十五里河沉积物磷平衡浓度对外源碳的响应及释放风险

2017年7月至2018年5月,在巢湖十五里河干流的城乡梯度方向,按照每两个月采样1次的频率,采集5个点位的表层沉积物样,分析沉积物磷形态,解析磷平衡浓度及对外源碳(乙酸钠)的响应,并对沉积物磷释放风险进行评估.结果表明,十五里河水体磷素污染严重,沉积物总磷含量平均为915. 04～1 205. 31 mg·kg~(-1),且沿城乡梯度方向缓慢下降,而生物有效性磷含量则保持稳定;外源碳降低了沉积物EPC_0值(下降约29%),也改变了各采样点EPC_0值大小排序;上覆水SRP浓度高于EPC_0值所占比例为66. 7%,而且磷吸附解吸平衡饱和度EPC_(sat)-20%所占比例约60. 0%,表明十五里河沉积物以磷吸附占优势,即沉积物总体上处于磷"汇"状态;外源碳的输入使得EPC_(sat)-20%所占比例由60. 0%上升为73. 3%,降低了沉积物磷释放风险水平.     

深圳市某滑坡稳定性评价

深圳地区低山丘陵所占面积较大,进行工程建设活动时,场地边坡稳定性评价是普遍存在的重要岩土工程问题。本文以梧桐山某滑坡工程为实例,用多种方法进行分析,对类似工程问题的评价、治理有一定的实际意义。     

干旱季节水库水质pH值增高原因探析

随着水库蓄水量的减少,水生生物快速大量生长,破坏了水体中碳酸氢盐的水解平衡,伴随生物利用水中二氧化碳进行光合作用的过程,水中氢氧根离子含量增加,氢氧根离子又使碳酸氢根的电离平衡向生成碳酸根离子方向移动,导致水中碳酸根离子浓度增大,总碱度增加,同时湖库底质盐碱土和草甸土的碳酸氢盐以及碳酸盐的平衡释放也使水体的碳酸氢盐得到外源补充.周而复始使水体的碳酸盐碱度和总碱度不断增加,pH也逐步增高.在相对往年引入嫩江水容量较少的情况下,干旱、高温、少雨、水体表面的物理蒸发和生物蒸腾作用,水库水容量急剧减少,上述情况进一步加剧.并通过对水库出口的碱度进行修正,推算出水体的生物量,和理论生物量计算值相符合.