鸟粪石法沉淀去除氨氮的平衡体系模拟预测

使用化学平衡软件Visual MINTEQ计算拟合鸟粪石(磷酸镁铵,MgNH4PO4·6H2O,MAP)沉淀去除氨氮的平衡体系在不同pH值条件下Mg2+、NH4+和PO34-各组分的变化及饱和指数(SI)的变化.实验和预测结果表明,模型对MAP沉淀平衡体系拟合良好.在本研究的pH值范围内(8.0—11.0),化学平衡模型VisualMINTEQ能预测敞开体系氨氮废水中通过磷酸铵镁沉淀去除的NH4+-N,但不能用来预测敞开体系中所有氨氮的去除,即预测结果中不包括由于氨气挥发而去除的氨氮.     

固定化烟曲霉吸附染料后的解吸平衡及动力学研究

对羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)固定化灭活烟曲霉小球中的2种活性染料的解吸剂进行了选择,并对其解吸平衡和解吸动力学进行了研究.结果表明,pH值为12.0的75%乙醇溶液对吸附在CMC固定化灭活烟曲霉小球中的活性艳蓝KN-R和活性艳红K-2BP的解吸效果较好;一级指数衰减方程能很好地描述对2种活性染料的解吸动力学;解吸平衡数据均可以用Freundlich等温模型来拟合.     

Groundwater flow, multicomponent transport and biogeochemistry: development and application of a coupled process model

A research tool for modeling the reactive flow and transport of groundwater contaminants in multiple dimensions is presented. Arbitrarily complex coupled kinetic–equilibrium heterogeneous reaction networks, automatic code generation, transfer-function based solutions, parameter estimation, high-resolution methods for advection, and robust solvers for the mixed kinetic–equilibrium chemistry are some of the features of reactive flow and transport (RAFT) that make it a versatile research tool in the modeling of a wide variety of laboratory and field experiments. The treatment of reactions is quite general so that RAFT can be used to model biological, adsorption/desorption, complexation, and mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions among others. The integrated framework involving automated code generation and parameter estimation allows for the development, characterization, and evaluation of mechanistic process models. The model is described and used to solve a problem in competitive adsorption that illustrates some of these features. The model is also used to study the development of an in situ Fe(II)-zone by encouraging the growth of an iron-reducing bacterium with lactate as the electron donor. Such redox barriers are effective in sequestering groundwater contaminants such as chromate and TCE.     

亚甲基蓝在缺氧活性污泥上的吸附平衡和动力学

为了考察缺氧活性污泥对染料的吸附性能和吸附机理,以缺氧活性污泥作为吸附剂,亚甲基蓝作为吸附质进行等温吸附试验。结果表明:亚甲基蓝在缺氧活性污泥上的吸附遵循准二级速率方程,吸附方式为化学吸附;吸附行为符合Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson吸附等温式,为单分子层吸附,理论最大吸附量9.25 mg/g;亚甲基蓝分子在污泥颗粒内扩散动力学曲线存在线性部分,说明吸附过程存在污泥颗粒微孔内扩散效应。     

阳离子表面活性剂对甲苯与水间气-液平衡关系的影响

为探明表面活性剂对水体中挥发性有机物挥发作用的影响,采用顶空气相色谱法并通过改变相比,研究了甲苯与氯代十六烷基吡啶(CPC)溶液间的气-液平衡关系. 结果表明:体系达到平衡后甲苯气相浓度(峰面积)与相比具有良好的线性关系,且二者间的线性关系可通过方程1/ApR_f/H_iC_io+R_f/Cio(V_g/V_L)进行拟合并得到亨利系数值.溶液中CPC浓度的变化对甲苯的亨利系数有明显影响,平衡体系的亨利系数值随着CPC浓度的增大而减小;当CPC浓度小于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,CPC浓度的增加对亨利系数的影响不明显;当CPC浓度在CMC以上时,随着CPC浓度的增加亨利系数减小趋势明显.温度对亨利系数有显著影响,亨利系数随温度的升高而增大,且二者间存在良好的线性关系,并可通过Van’t Hoff方程进行拟合.      

菲的淡水沉积物环境预测无效应浓度推导

近年来PAHs(多环芳烃)因其持久性、生物蓄积性和毒性而备受关注. 菲是我国沉积物中普遍检出的一种优控PAHs,具有独特的“K”区和“湾”区结构,常作为研究PAHs环境效应的模式化合物. 以菲为研究对象,搜集、整理其对我国本土水生生物的急、慢性毒性数据,运用TGD(欧盟风险评价技术导则文件)推荐的平衡分配法,推导菲的淡水PNEC_sed(沉积物环境预测无效应浓度,以干质量计). 结果表明:共获得4门7科的17个急性毒性数据和5门7科的10个慢性毒性数据;物种敏感性分析显示,鱼类对菲较为敏感. 采用平衡分配法推导菲的淡水PNEC_sed为256.9 μg/kg,该值可为我国水体沉积物中菲的生态风险评价提供参考.比较结果显示,我国大部分淡水沉积物中实测w(菲)未超过PNEC_sed,其生态风险较小;巢湖和黄河兰州段个别采样点的w(菲)超过菲的淡水PNEC_sed,分别是菲的淡水PNEC_sed的1.02和3.23倍,高w(菲)可能会对水生生物造成危害.      

生态补偿过程动态演化机制及其稳定策略研究

生态补偿是通过调节相关方的利益关系,实现可持续利用生态系统服务的一种手段或制度安排。论文从微观维度对生态补偿问题进行研究,将生态补偿利益群体分为实施群和受益群,建立非对称演化博弈模型,分析各群体利益关系的复制动态、演化稳定策略和演化博弈系统的稳定性。结果表明:在"举报惩罚"制度存在的情况下,两群体间的演化博弈存在唯一的稳定均衡策略(保护、补偿),即实施群选择"保护"策略,受益群选择"补偿"策略,其中实施群决策主导系统稳定性;利益群体各决策选择的比重是稳定均衡策略的重要影响因素,增加实施群和受益群选择"保护"和"补偿"策略的比重,可加快稳定均衡策略的有效形成。     

滇池沉积物不同分子量溶解性有机质分布及其与Cu和Pb的相互作用

采用平衡渗析法、离子计和光谱分析等技术研究了滇池表层沉积物中DOM(溶解性有机质)的分子量分布特征及不同分子量的DOM对Cu和Pb的结合能力. 结果表明,草海和外海沉积物中DOM的分子量组成有显著差异. 草海沉积物中DOM主要以分子量为3.5~5.0ku的组分为主;外海沉积物中DOM以分子量为0.5~2.0ku的组分为主. 滇池各级分子量DOM的腐殖化程度(以A3/A4计,A3、A4分别为DOM在300、400nm处的紫外吸光度)在1.57~6.00之间,而且DOM腐殖化程度和芳香性随着分子量的增加而增大. 离子计分析和三维荧光光谱特征表明,Cu趋向于和分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM结合,而Pb趋向于和分子量≤0.5ku的DOM结合. 用结合容量和分配系数(K_d)表征Cu、Pb与DOM在两相中的结合能力,分子量为2.0~3.5ku的DOM中的w(Cu)最大,草海和外海分别为717.65和340.27mg/g;分子量≤0.5ku的DOM中的w(Pb)最大,草海和外海分别为2988.84和5073.45mg/g.      

Gas phase equilibria for dibenzo‐p‐dioxin,dibenzo‐p‐furan and biphenyl in the C‐H‐O system

The gas phase equilibrium calculation for the C‐H‐O system at atmospheric pressure and temperature from 773 to 1773 K at intervals of 250 K was performed to understand the generation and decomposition behavior of dibenzo‐p‐dioxin (DD), dibenzo‐p‐furan (DF) and biphenyl (BP) in relation to the existing oxygen potential. It is possible to categorize these results into three regions from the viewpoint of this potential: region (A), region (B) and region (C) are that of the higher, modest and lower oxygen potential, respectively. In region (A), the equilibrium amounts of DD, DF and BP are nearly zero. In region (B), they increase once and then decrease with rise in temperature. In the most characteristic region (C), they increase uniformly with rise in temperature.     

Valuing nature in a general equilibrium

We explore the consequences of modeling the demand for environmental quality improvements as a fully integrated part of a general equilibrium demand system in an applied general equilibrium (or CGE) analysis. Demand for non-market goods depends on a full range of relative prices as well as environmental outcomes. We simulate the effects of reducing two air pollutants to improve human health and three ecosystem services provided to households. The ecosystem services make non-separable contributions to household utility. We find that willingness to pay measures of use-based ecosystem services are impacted by changes in demand for complementary market goods. Demand for these goods shifts due to pollution reductions that enhance ecosystem services. Partial equilibrium estimates of these use values can be measured with substantial error if they fail to account for the general equilibrium adjustments caused by pollution. Over 300 calibrations of the model identify the model features important to these errors. We find that effects on ecosystem services associated with non-use values have important implications for the feedback effects on use related measures of economic tradeoffs. This is due to how our model integrates market and non-market effects, reflecting the non-market services importance to general equilibrium market outcomes.