有机污染物分子连接指数与角质层同水分配系数的相关性

本文对价分子连接指数(~m~vX)的计算方法作了简要介绍,着重讨论了有机污染物三阶价分子连接指数(~3~vX)与其角质层同水分配系数(Kcw)的关系。结果表明:~3~vX与logKcw存在良好的线性关系、Kcw主要受其分子的结构特征如氯取代基、烃链和芳香环的影响。本文介绍的分子连接指数模型为一准确预测有机污染物的Kcw值的有效工具。     

应用分子拓扑理论预测卤代芳烃的正辛醇/水分配系数

以分子拓扑理论为基础，提出了一个新的拓扑指数Ｙ，并用Ｙ研究了部分卤代芳烃的正辛醇／水分配系数ＫＯＷ。研究表明，Ｙ与卤代芳烃的正辛醇／水分配系数ＫＯＷ的ｌｏｇＫＯＷ呈良好的线性关系，并给出了相关方程。新方法计算方便、精确度高、物理意义明确     

有机酸碱类污染物溶解度的测定及估算

采用反相高效液相色谱法和振荡法测定了四十二种有机酸、碱化合物的溶解度,建立了用分配系数、熔点估算溶解度的方程,测定和估算了有机酸、碱类污染物在不同pH条件下的溶解度。实验测定值、文献值和估算值三者吻合较好。     

有机酸、碱类污染物分配系数的测定及相关性研究

用反相高效液相色谱(RHPLC)法及振荡法测定了42种环境中常见的有机酸、碱类污染物的分配系数,两种方法的测定值与文献值吻合较好,但RHPLC法快速、准确、样品用量少、测定范围宽、且对样品纯度要求低.测定了苯酚类化合物在环己烷/水、四氯化碳/水、氯仿/水、和苯/水体系中的分配系数,并建立了这四种体系与正辛醇/水体系分配系数的相关方程.     

Spatial Components of Bird Diversity in the Andes of Colombia: Implications for Designing a Regional Reserve System

Abstract:  Beta diversity, or the turnover in species composition among sampling sites in a region, is an important criterion for obtaining adequate representation of regional biodiversity in systems of protected areas. Recently, the additive model for partitioning regional (gamma) diversity (in opposition to the multiplicative model) has been proposed because it allows a direct measure of the contribution of beta diversity to gamma diversity. We determined avian beta diversity along latitudinal (among neighboring river drainages) and elevational axes in a 1347-km² region on the western slope of the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes, where a regional system of protected areas is being designed. We then compared avian beta diversity between sites based on rapid versus long-term (>1 year) inventories and between fragmented sites versus continuous forest. Overall, beta diversity represented 63.1% of gamma diversity among 16 sites. Elevational differences in species composition accounted for 43.3% of regional diversity, whereas differences among drainages accounted for 19.8%. A complementary cluster analysis showed that sites grouped by elevational zones. Rapid inventories overestimated beta diversity because of sampling effects, but the effect was biologically small. Estimators of species richness derived from species accumulation curves provided a useful alternative to compensate for undersampling in short-term surveys. Forest fragmentation increased beta diversity because of differential local extinction of populations. Nevertheless, in our region, forest fragments contributed to gamma diversity because they contained complementary sets of species. More importantly, they contained populations of special-interest species. Although the region is relatively small, our analyses indicate that spatial differentiation of the biota is an important factor for deciding number and location of protected areas in the Andean region.     

Drag Partition and Its Possible Implications for Dust Emission

The mechanisms for dust emission involve the saltation of sand-sized particles and the transfer of momentum from the atmosphere to the surface. Roughness elements on aeolian surfaces influence the transfer of momentum through the partition of total momentum flux into a pressure drag on roughness elements and a skin drag on substrate surface. The objective of this study is to better understand the mechanisms for momentum transfer over rough surfaces and drag partition, so that better dust-emission parameterization schemes can be developed. A large-eddy simulation model is implemented for the purpose. We perform computational simulations of turbulent flows over individual and arrays of roughness elements. Further, we examine how roughness elements affect drag partition and dust emission. The results lead to a possible new concept of dust emission over rough surfaces.     

绿藻对硝基苯类化合物的富集与释放研究

测定了硝基苯、2,4-二硝基甲苯、2,6-二硝基甲苯及硝基氯苯(邻、间、对)在绿藻体内富集及释放趋势。其生物富集因子由小到大的顺序为:硝基苯<2,6-二硝基甲苯<2,4-二硝基甲苯<硝基氯苯(邻、间、对)。富集与释放曲线表明,所有化合物在实验开始的0.5～1h即达到最大富集量,2h后基本达到稳态。硝基苯、2,4-二硝基甲苯及2,6-二硝基甲苯的释放速率很快,0.5～1h达到最大释放量。6种有机物的生物富集因子与辛醇/水分配系数相关很好,生物富集过程符合脂水平衡分配模型。      

西辽河流域沙土对磷的吸附行为

采用小型回填式土柱动态吸附试验研究了西辽河流域沙土对磷的吸附行为. 结果表明:沙土对磷的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附方程和Langmuir吸附方程,且前者更优. 吸附分配系数(k)平均值为31.55,磷饱和吸附量平均值为312.55 mg/kg. 沙土对磷的吸附方式以物理吸附为主,易淋失,仍存在一定的环境风险. 固定沙土中的微团聚体因存在以孔隙填充方式的磷吸附,所以其对磷的吸附能力最强,磷淋失的环境风险最小;而流动沙土对磷的吸附能力最弱,磷淋失的环境风险最大. 农田和林地沙土对磷的吸附能力最强,磷淋失的环境风险最小,是沙土的最佳利用方式. 沙土对磷的吸附分配系数及饱和吸附量与土壤w(粗黏粒),w(黏粒)和w(有机质)呈极显著正相关.      

植物类脂的提取及对菲吸附的影响

讨论了有机溶剂极性对植物类脂提取的影响,分别采用(Ⅰ)非极性正己烷和(Ⅱ)极性三氯甲烷∶甲醇(2∶1)溶液从青椒和油麦菜干样中索氏提取植物类脂,进一步研究了上述植物干样、提取类脂和去类脂组分对菲的吸附.实验结果表明,两种方法提取得到的类脂含量不同,方法(Ⅰ)从青椒和油麦菜中提取得到类脂含量为(1.9±0.1)%和(5.0±0.4)%;而方法 (Ⅱ)提取得到的相应值分别为(2.6±0.2)%和(9.5±0.5)%.两种方法得到提取类脂对菲的吸附贡献无显著性差异(P>0.05),均约占整个青椒干样对菲吸附的20%,而油麦菜的这一比例约为60%.但采用正己烷提取可避免极性物质的析出而更好地分离类脂和去类脂组分.去类脂组分在青椒和油麦菜中对菲的吸附贡献分别约为80%和40%,即去类脂组分对菲仍有较强的吸附能力,因此不能简单视为碳水化合物.     

有机污染物土壤吸附预测模型及其影响因素

以701种有机化合物的土壤吸附系数作为数据集,选取594种有机化合物作为训练集,剩余107种作为测试集.根据训练集化合物建立土壤吸附系数Koc与辛醇/水分配系数Kow的线性和非线性模型,应用平均残差(AE),平均绝对残差(AAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)来检验模型的预测能力,模型具有良好的预测能力.同时,比较不同类型的化合物的实测值与预测值,发现部分同系物的预测值与实测值存在系统的偏差,这些偏差主要是由吸附机理,溶解度,水解作用,挥发作用,实验误差等原因造成,这些因素均会对土壤吸附系数的预测产生影响.