黄河中游(渭南-郑州段)全/多氟烷基化合物的分布及通量

本研究收集黄河中游(渭南—郑州段)表层水样品,利用高效液相色谱质谱串联的方法分析了水相和颗粒相中的28种全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs).结果表明,水相和颗粒相中Σ28PFASs的含量分别为18.4~56.9 ng·L~(-1)和26.8~164ng·g~(-1)(以干重计).水相和颗粒相中以全氟己酸(PFHx A)为主要污染物,分别占总含量的27%和16%,且3H-全氟-3-(3-甲氧基丙氧基)丙酸(ADONA)、氯代多氟醚基磺酸(6∶2和8∶2 Cl-PFESA)在颗粒相均有检出,表明PFASs替代品的生产和使用逐渐增多.PFASs在水相-颗粒相中的lg Kd变化范围为2.95±0.553(PFPe A)~3.85±0.237(8∶2 FTUCA),颗粒物吸附氟调聚羧酸(FTCAs)和不饱和氟调聚羧酸(FTUCAs)的能力随碳链长度的增长而增加,全氟烷基磺酸(PFSAs)较全氟烷基羧酸(PFCAs)更容易被颗粒物吸附.黄河郑州—渭南段PFASs的通量呈现先降低后增加的趋势,表明该河段接纳了来自上游及支流的污染输入.此外,结果表明水相中的PFASs通量大于颗粒相.     

密度泛函方法预测二英类化合物(PCDD/Fs)的正辛醇/水分配系数

在B3LYP/6-31G水平上全优化计算了多氯代二苯并一对-二(噁)英和多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)系列物的分子结构;基于得到的分子结构描述符,依据修正的线性溶解能理论,分别建立了PCDDs和PCDFs的正辛醇/水分配系数的定量结构-性质关系模型(R2分别为0.985和0.966),并用交叉验证法对模型进行了验证(q2分别为0.983和0.936),用t-检验对各变量进行了检验.检验结果表明,模型的预测能力优于AM1法、单苯环氯取代指数法和拓扑量子方法得出的模型.     

望虞河西岸河网重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为探明望虞河西岸河网区的重金属污染特征及生态风险,于2018年3月调查了望虞河西岸5条河流的水体及表层沉积物中重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg)的含量及形态分布,利用多元统计分析方法研究了重金属元素的污染来源并对其污染水平给予评价.结果表明,河网区水体重金属污染较轻,除Hg外其余金属质量浓度均低于《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅰ类标准.而表层沉积物中重金属含量较高,除Hg外其余均高于江苏省土壤环境背景值.重金属在水体-沉积物中的分配系数显示Cd、As和Hg具有较强的二次释放潜力.地累积指数法(Igeo)显示沉积物中Cu、Zn和Cd的污染程度较高,局部属于偏重度污染;潜在生态危害指数法(RI)显示Cd为研究区域主要的生态风险因子;而考虑重金属赋存形态的潜在生态风险评价(RRSP)表明,Ni、Zn和As主要以残渣态形式存在,生态风险较低,而Cd多为酸溶态,具有极高的潜在危害.多种评价结果表明,应格外重视重金属Cd的污染治理.而重金属来源分析显示望虞河西岸的重金属污染主要源于周围机械制造和金属冶炼类工厂的人为输入,这为望虞河西岸河网的重金属污染控制提供依据.     

12种有机物在鲤鱼体内富集与释放行为的研究

本实验对第二松花江江水和鱼体中多次检出的12种化合物在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio L.)体内累积与释放行为进行了研究。提出了一个描述有机物在鱼体内富集行为的模式。给出了几种化合物生物富集因子(BCF)以及该因子与辛醇-水分配系数(K_(ow))之间的关系。研究结果表明,这些有机污染物在鱼体内的富集行为互不影响。含硝基化合物富集倍率低且易于释放,有机物是以一级动力学方式在鱼体内累积和释放。     

苯乙腈类有机污染物的溶解度、吸附系数与分配系数的相关性

分配系数、溶解度和土壤/沉积物吸附系数存在着相关性。对这些相关性进行研究具有重要的意义。正辛醇/水分配系数与生物浓缩因子(BCF)有关,反映了水生生物对有机污染物的富集作用。水溶解度也是一个影响有机污染物迁移和归趋的因素,具有     

单甲脒水中溶解度及正辛醇／水分配系数的测定

有毒有机化合物在水中的溶解度(WS)及正辛醇/水分配系数(K_(ow)),是描述其在环境中行为的两个重要物理化学参数。本文用溶解度平衡曲线法和振荡法,测得单甲脒在水中的溶解度为21.8±1.3mg/1(25℃),其在正辛醇/水中的分配系数lgK_(ow)为2.92±0.06。     

Selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution by triolein-embedded composite adsorbent

A novel composite adsorbent (CA-T) was used for the selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was composed of the supporting activated carbon and the surrounding triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption isotherms and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of CA-T. Triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate membrane and deposited on the surface of activated carbon. The adsorbent was stable in water and no triolein leakage was detected during the test periods. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide, were used as model contaminants and removed by CA-T in laboratory batch experiments. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich equation and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order reaction model. Results also indicated that CA-T appeared to be a promising adsorbent with good selectivity and satisfactory removal rate for lipophilic OCPs from aqueous solutions when present in trace amounts. The adsorption rate and removal efficiency for lipophilic OCPs were positively related to their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow). Lower residual concentrations of OCPs were achieved when compared to granular activated carbon (GAC).     

三丁基锡的生物富集与分配行为

测定了不同pH和盐度条件下三丁基锡（TBT）在罗非鱼（Tilapia）体内的生物富集系数（BCF）及其在正辛醇－水体系的分配系数（Kow）和人工合成生物膜－水体系的分配系数（Dmw），并对其相关关系进行了探讨。富集实验进行了168h，TBT在pH=8时的富集初始速率和168hBCF明显高于pH=6时，pH6和8时的BCF分别为754．9和1132．1。坜度对生物富集也存在较大影响，盐度为0‰、15.0‰和25．0‰时的BCF分别为1071．8、871．8和276．6。TBT的Kow和Dmw也表现为随pH升高而升高、随盐度升高而下降的趋势，但Dmw能更精确地预测TBT的BCF随环境条件的变化。     

Occurrence and partition of perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment from Liao River and Taihu Lake, China

The concentrations of four perfluorinated sulfonate acids (PFSAs) and 10 perfluorinated carboxylate acids (PFCAs) were measured in water and sediment samples from Liao River and Taihu Lake, China. In the water samples from Taihu Lake, PFOA and PFOS were the most detected perfluorinated compounds (PFCs); in Liao River, PFHxS was the predominant PFC followed by PFOA, while PFOS was only detected in two of the samples. This suggests that different PFC products are used in the two regions. PFOS and PFOA in both watersheds are at similar level as in the rivers of Japan, but significantly lower than in Great Lakes. The contributions of PFOS and long chain PFCAs in sediments were much higher than in water samples of both watersheds, indicating preferential partition of these PFCs in sediment. The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were three orders of magnitude of lower than that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the same sediments. The average sediment-water partition coefficients (log K_oc) of PFHxS, PFOS and PFOA were determined to be 2.16, 2.88 and 2.28 respectively.     

农药微生物降解性与农药疏水性参数间的相关性

在纯培养条件下，产碱菌属广说性降解菌ＹＦ１１对对硫磷，甲基对硫磷，杀螟松，氰戊菊酯，溴氰菊酯，甲氰菊酯，氯氰菊酯，三氟氯氰菊酯，氯菊酯的降解速率的差异主要是由各杀虫剂的疏水性参数的不同引起的，两之间存在较好的相关性：ｌｏｇＫ＝２．２１－０．２６ｌｏｇＫｏｗ，ｒ＝０．９７３９。