青岛大气中HNO3、HNO2、NH3及PM2.5中氮组分的浓度特征和气-粒平衡关系

研究PM2.5中NO-3、NO-2、NH+4及其气态前体物HNO3、HNO2、NH3的浓度特征和气-粒平衡关系,对深入认识PM2.5的来源及控制因素具有重要意义.因此,本文利用2012年6—7月在青岛采集的denuder和PM2.5大气样品,分析了其中气态和颗粒态氮组分的浓度.结果发现,青岛大气中HNO3、HNO2和NH3浓度分别为(0.80±0.79)μg·m-3、(0.49±0.59)μg·m-3和(4.71±4.03)μg·m-3,PM2.5中NO-3、NO-2和NH+4的浓度分别为(7.50±9.00)μg·m-3、(0.07±0.02)μg·m-3和(8.23±5.57)μg·m-3.HNO3气体浓度的昼夜变化具有统计意义上的显著差异,白天平均为1.16μg·m-3,高于夜晚的0.44μg·m-3,但其他氮组分无显著昼夜差异.观测期间,青岛大气为富氨环境,PM2.5中NH+4主要以(NH4)2SO4的形式存在,NO-3生成主要受HNO3的限制.利用ISORROPIA II热力学平衡模型探讨了青岛PM2.5中氮组分的控制因子,通过敏感性实验发现,颗粒态NO-3和NH+4分别对总HNO3(TN)和总H2SO4(TS)的变化响应敏感,而对总NH3(TA)的变化响应不敏感,这暗示了减少大气中TN和TS而不是TA对降低青岛PM2.5浓度更有效.     

珠江三角洲表层水中多环芳烃的季节分布、来源和原位分配

分别于2011年4月(春季)和2011年9月(夏季)采集珠江广州河段及东江东莞河段表层水体样品,对该区域表层水体中优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的时空分布、固液分配及其来源进行了分析和讨论.结果表明,珠江广州河段及东江东莞河段表层水体中多环芳烃浓度春季高于夏季.藻类有机碳是该水环境有机碳的主要成分.溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)以及叶绿素a(Chl a)含量是控制水体PAHs浓度的主要因素,说明水环境的富营养化程度可以通过增长的浮游生物量来影响多环芳烃的生物地球化学过程,继而影响其环境行为和归宿.多环芳烃在水/颗粒物间的有机碳归一化分配系数(log Koc)与辛醇/水分配系数(log Kow)间存在明显的线性关系,其斜率是夏季大于春季,可能与多环芳烃的非平衡吸附有关.多环芳烃同系物比值法和主成分分析(PCA)的结果表明,研究区域水体中PAHs主要来源于石化燃料、煤和生物质的混合燃烧,并且PAHs的来源未体现出明显的季节变化.通过本研究我们能够比较全面的了解该流域多环芳烃的时空分布状况,固液分配及其可能的来源,并且为珠江广州河段及东江东莞河段多环芳烃污染的控制和生态风险评价提供科学依据.     

多环芳烃在黄河水体颗粒物上的表面吸附和分配作用特征

通过模拟实验研究了多环芳烃在黄河水体颗粒物上的吸附特征,重点探讨了表面吸附和分配作用对吸附的贡献,结果表明:①随着泥沙含量的增加,总吸附量在增加,而单位颗粒物的吸附量却在减少;且泥沙含量不同时,吸附等温式的拟合方程也不同;②颗粒物对多环芳烃的吸附等温线与吸附-分配复合模式拟合较好;表面吸附和分配作用对多环芳烃的吸附实验值与吸附-分配模式中的理论值比较吻合;③在实验浓度范围内,黄河颗粒物对多环芳烃的吸附以表面吸附为主,如当颗粒物含量为3、8和15g/L,液相平衡浓度分别为2.84、2.35和3.4μg/L时,表面吸附对总吸附的贡献分别为67.85%、65.6%和62.69%;且表面吸附对总吸附的贡献大小顺序可以用泥沙含量表示为:3g/L>8g/L>15g/L,即随着泥沙含量的增加,表面吸附的贡献有减小的趋势;④单一多环芳烃在颗粒物上的单位吸附量大于3种多环芳烃共存时的单位吸附量,这从另一角度证实多环芳烃在黄河水体颗粒物上的吸附以表面吸附为主.     

Distribution and partitioning of trace metals in sediments of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River,Port Harcourt,Nigeria

The distribution of trace metals in sediments of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River, Nigeria was evaluated togetherwith the partitioning of their chemical species between fivegeochemical phases. Samplings were made in five zones at the lower reaches of the New Calaber River. All the trace metals were determined by AAS after selective chemical extractions andconcentrations given in g gm^-1 (dry weight basis). The average totalconcentrations found for trace metals in the sediment were (mean ± rsd.) Pb: 41.6 ± 0.29, Zn: 31.60 ± 0.42, Cd: 12.80 ± 0.92, Co: 92 ± 0.25, Cu: 25.5 ± 0.65 and Ni: 3.2 ± 0.25. Maxima and minima concentrations are inconsistent with previous studies in other rivers of this region. Spatial distribution revealed that the sources of trace metals into theriver appeared to be of non-point. Five contamination indices were applied in studying the partitioning of the trace metals inthe sediment. These indices provided bases for ascertaining the potential environmental risk of trace metals in the river system.The results denote high partition levels in the more mobile andmore dangerous phases.     

广州地铁西村站近接桩基沉降现场监测方法及其应用

以广州地铁西村站近接9组桩基施工为例,运用三维数值模拟技术,研究了近接桩基沉降现场监测方法,建立了西村站近接桩基沉降控制标准、监控量测管理等级和监控量测频率。对西村站9组近接桩基沉降现场监测值及计算值分析的结果表明:9组近接分区桩基沉降现场实测值与采取加固措施后的近接分区桩基沉降计算值基本一致,仅桩基X J27和X J31略有不同,现场实测值略大一些,桩基X J27由C区变为B区,桩基X J31由D区变为C区;桩基X J34沉降过大的原因主要是,加固措施的施工质量未达标以及开挖到桩基X J34相应位置时对围岩扰动过大;提出的广州地铁西村站近接桩基沉降现场监测方法是正确的。     

Sorption of the Fumigant 1,3-Dichloropropene on Soil

Abstract

The fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) is considered a major replacement to methyl bromide, which is to be phased out of use in the United States by 2005. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate soil–water partitioning of 1,3-D in two California agricultural soils (Salinas clay loam and Arlington sandy loam). The partition coefficients (K _d and K _f ) were determined by directly measuring the concentration of 1,3-D in the solid phase (C _s ) and aqueous phase (C _w ) after batch equilibration. In the Salinas clay loam, the K _f of cis-1,3-D in adsorption and desorption isotherms was 0.47 and 0.54, respectively, with respective values of 0.39 and 0.49 for trans-1,3-D. This slight hysteric effect suggests that a different range of forces are involved in the adsorption and desorption process. Since n was near unity in the Freundlich equation, the Freundlich isotherms can also be approximated using the liner isotherm. At 25°C, the K _d of the 1,3-D isomers in both soils ranged from 0.46 to 0.56, and the K _oc (organic matter partition coefficient) ranged from 58 to 70. The relatively low K _d values and a K _oc that falls within the range of 50–150, suggests that 1,3-D is weakly sorbed and highly mobile in these soils. Understanding the sorption behavior of 1,3-D in soil is important when developing fumigation practices to reduce the movement of 1,3-D to the air and groundwater.     

CTMAB／SDS改性沸石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯吸附机制

以季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB及阴离子表面活性剂SDS对粉末状天然沸石进行复合改性,制备得到了CTMAB／SDS改性沸石。对改性沸石及天然沸石进行红外吸收光谱及XRD衍射表征,并研究了PAEs在天然沸石和CT-MAB／SDS改性沸石上的吸附机制。结果表明,阴阳离子表面活性剂没有对层状结构的键型造成较大的影响;PAEs在天然沸石和CTMAB／SDS改性沸石上的吸附更符合表面吸附一分配作用复合模型;PAEs的表面吸附和分配作用对吸附作用的贡献主要受吸附剂中有机质含量及吸附物质大小、极性及溶解度的影响。     

Relevant parameters for assessing the environmental impact of some pyridinium, ammonium and pyrrolidinium based ionic liquids

Several physico-chemical properties relevant to determine the environmental impact of ionic liquids - aqueous solubility, octanol/water partition coefficient, chromatographically derived lipophilicity and infinite dilution diffusion coefficients in water - were measured in ionic liquids based on pyridinium, ammonium and pyrrolidinium cations with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions. The influence of the presence of hydroxyl or ester groups in the physico-chemical properties of these liquids was checked. It appeared that the presence of functional oxygenated moieties reduces the lipophilicity of ionic liquids and so decreases the risk of bioaccumulation in environment.     

高突危险水体上煤层开采下限及带压开采分区研究

确定开采下限,对高突危险水体上煤层的安全开采具有十分重要的意义。本文基于肥城矿区地质条件,用FLAC3D软件,对开采煤层下伏岩层移动变形规律进行了深入研究,对煤层底板三带范围进行了初步确定;同时,从不同方面对煤层底板开采破坏深度进行了理论计算。根据突水系数、导水带深度、导升带高度和经验数据,确定出正常条件下带压开采的下限(-720m)以及安全措施条件下(底板预注浆处理等)的带压开采下限(-850m)。依据开采下限,对带压开采条件进行了分析,初步形成了高突危险水体上煤层带压开采的分区分类,划分了"开采相对安全区(安全开采区、次安全开采区、条件安全开采区)、深部突水危险区、构造突水危险区",为确定安全开采技术与工艺奠定了理论基础。