Nectar-receiver behavior in relation to the reward rate experienced by foraging honeybees

Since forager honeybees change their food-unloading behavior according to nectar-source profitability, an experiment was performed in order to analyze whether food-receivers modify their within-hive tasks related to different reward conditions. We offered individual foragers two reward conditions at a rate feeder while an additional feeder offered a constant reward and was of free access to the rest of the hive. Both feeders were the only food sources exploited by the colony during the assays since a flight chamber was used. After receiving nectar, hive bees performed processing cycles that involved several behaviors and concluded when they returned to the delivery area to receive a new food sample. During these cycles, receivers mainly performed oral contacts offering food, or inspected cells, and often both. In the latter case, both behaviors occurred simultaneously and at the same distance from the hive entrance. When they performed a single task, either the occurrence of cell inspections increased or contact offerings decreased for the highest reward rate offered to the donor-forager. Receivers also begged for food more often after interacting with low-profit foragers. Thus, the profitability of the food source exploited by nectar-forager honeybees could affect receiver behaviors within the hives based on individual-to-individual interactions.Communicated by R.F.A. Moritz     

六氯苯在土壤不同粒径级份上的吸附行为研究

研究比较了HCB在湖北水稻土和山东褐土不同粒径级份上的吸附特性,探讨不同粒径级份中有机质线性分配过程、慢吸附过程和小孔扩散过程的相对贡献.结果表明,Freundlich方程、DMM吸附模型和Polanyi-Manes方程都对实验数据进行了较好的拟合(R2＞0.91),其中DMM吸附模型能更好地反映土壤有机质溶解相线性分...     

垃圾焚烧中硫化合物对重金属Pb迁移分布影响

采用管式炉和模拟垃圾对垃圾焚烧中硫化合物(包括S、Na2S、Na2SO3、Na2SO4)、焚烧温度、重金属初始加入浓度以及焚烧停留时间对Pb迁移分布的影响进行了研究.使用ICP-AES分析技术(美国EPA消解方法)对重金属浓度进行测量.结果表明,垃圾焚烧中4种硫化合物的加入均使得Pb在底渣中的分布比例比未加入硫化合物时的分布比例降低.Pb在底渣中的分布比例随加入S和Na2S含量的增加而减少,相应地在飞灰中的分布随S和Na2S加入量的增加而增加,而Pb的迁移分布比例受Na2SO3和Na2SO4含量变化的影响不显著.温度的升高使得Pb向飞灰中的分布比例逐渐增加,整个试验温度范围内Pb在烟气中的分布均为0.初始浓度的增加也使Pb在底渣中的分布比例逐渐升高,飞灰中的分布比例逐渐下降.停留时间的增加会使得Pb在底渣中的分布比例降低,相应地在飞灰中的分布比例会增加.     

Investigation of heavy metal partitioning influenced by flue gas moisture and chlorine content during waste incineration

The impact of moisture on the partitioning of the heavy metals including Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd in municipal solid waste (MSW) was studied in a laboratory tubular furnace.A thermodynamic investigation using CHEMKIN software was performed to compare the experimental results.Simulated waste,representative of typical MSW with and without chlorine compounds,was burned at the background temperature of 700 and 950°C,respectively.In the absence of chlorine,the moisture content has no evident effect on the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu at either 700 or 950°C,however,as flue gas moisture increasing the Cd distribution in the bottom ash increased at 700°C and reduced at 950°C,respectively.In the presence of chlorine,the flue gas moisture reduced the volatility of Pb,Zn and Cu due to the transformation of the more volatile metal chlorides into less volatile metal oxides,and the reduction became significant as chlorine content increase.For Cd,the chlorine promotes its volatility through the formation of more volatile CdCl 2.As a result,the increased moisture content increases the Pb,Zn,Cu and Cd concentrations in the bottom ash,which limits the utilization of the bottom ash as a construction material.Therefore,in order to accumulate heavy metals into the fly ash,MSW should be dried before incineration.     

西安城区大气中多氯联苯的气粒分配研究

为了解西安城区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的气粒分配规律,于2012年春季对西安城区大气中气态和颗粒态样品进行每周一次的主动采样.结果表明,西安城区大气中PCBs的总浓度(气态和颗粒态)为62.05~454.18pg/m3,主要以气态为主.由Clausius-Clapeyron方程得到的斜率较陡(-5193.24),表明春季大气中的PCBs主要受西安城区附近地面挥发释放的影响.PCBs的气粒分配系数(KP)与过冷饱和蒸汽压(PoL)高度相关,由logKP和logPoL线性回归得到的斜率mr(-0.46~-0.37)均高于平衡状态理论值-1,说明西安城区大气中的PCBs气粒分配尚未达到平衡状态.采用Junge-Pankow吸附模型和Harner-Bidleman吸收模型对PCBs颗粒态百分比(φ)及KP进行了模拟,结果显示两种模型均较好地预测了PCBs的气粒分配行为,但与实验测得的值相比,两种模型均高估了φ值及KP值.     

Fates and partitioning of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration process

The fate and partitioning of heavy metals (including Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Ni, and Cu) from MSW incinerators located in Taiwan were determined. Results of stack sampling indicate that most Hg and As (more than 80%) exists in the gas phase while other metals partition differently among bottom ash, fly ash, and flue gases. Removal efficiencies of existing air pollution control devices for Hg and As are lower (about 70%) than other metals. Bottom ash contains higher concentration of Cd compared with European incinerators. In addition, strong enrichment of Cd on fly ash particles is observed.     

The role of organic matter components in soil on partitioning of Chlorohydrocarbons

Triolein, farnesol, humic acid, methyl salicylate, lignin and cellulose were selected as representative soil organic matter components. Equilibrium partition coefficients between these materials and water were experimentally determined for lindane, aldrin and a series of chlorobenzenes. Theoretical values for the chlorobenzenes were also determined using a Regular Solution Theory approach. The molecular size and polarity of the sorbent or organic matter components were identified as factors influencing the magnitude of the partition coefficient. Both experimental and theoretical partition coefficients were compared with soil/water values expressed on an organic matter basis. For the chlorobenzenes considered, experimental values for humic acid agreed most closely with those from soil, although triolein and lignin were also similar. Theoretical partition coefficients were in general lower than experimental values, but within a factor of 10 . Closest agreement was noted with triolein. Soil/water partition coefficients were consistent with partitioning between humic acid and water.     

内分泌干扰物在珠三角河水多相中的分配及风险

为探究典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)在多相体系中的分配作用及其生态风险,利用切向流超滤、固相萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用等分析方法,对珠江广州河段和东江东莞河段水/胶体/悬浮颗粒中的辛基酚(OP)、4-壬基酚(NP)、双酚A(BPA)、雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)、己烯雌酚(DES)、17α-乙炔雌二醇(EE2)、雌三醇(E3)展开了研究。结果发现,约60%的酚类雌激素存在于水相,约30%存在于胶体相,约10%赋存于颗粒相。DES、E2、EE2、E3在所有样品中均未检出。此外,NP、BPA的含量与溶解性有机碳(DOC)和颗粒态有机碳(POC)含量均呈正相关关系。溶解相中OP、NP、BPA、E1的溶解有机碳归一化含量与特定紫外吸收(SUVA254)均呈正相关,表明溶解有机质与EDCs之间可能通过π-π作用相结合,其作用强度与芳香度有关。OP、NP、BPA在颗粒物/水、胶体/水间的原位有机碳归一化分配系数的对数值(log Koc、log Kcoc)分别为:4.41±0.69、4.60±0.32、4.30±0.43和5.35±0.42、5.69±0.50、5.51±0.77,显示出胶体对EDCs有更高的吸附能力。两条河流的风险商数(RQ)在0.39~2.01之间,其中珠江广州河段为高风险区(RQ平均值为1.5),东江东莞河段为中风险区(RQ平均值为0.75),且底层水的风险高于表层水。     

秸秆与氮肥配比对农田土壤内外源碳释放的影响

秸秆配施氮肥调节C/N比不仅影响外源秸秆的矿化,也影响内源土壤有机碳（SOC）的分解（即激发效应）,因此研究秸秆与氮肥配比对土壤内外源有机碳分解的影响,对于农田温室气体减排和土壤肥力提升具有双重意义.本研究以山东桓台农田土壤为研究对象,为了探究秸秆与氮肥的配比对秸秆与SOC分解的影响,在不同氮肥水平下,采用¹³C标记玉米秸秆进行室内土壤培养32周,设置4个处理：CK、秸秆（S）、秸秆+低量尿素（SN1）和秸秆+高量尿素（SN2）.在整个培养期进行16次动态取样,借助¹³C两元线性模型,拆分土壤释放CO₂中源于秸秆和SOC的比例.结果表明,随着培养时间的进行,SOC分解对土壤释放CO₂的贡献呈先减少后升高的趋势,相反,秸秆矿化对土壤释放CO₂的贡献呈先升高后减少的趋势,到培养期末,SOC和秸秆分解对土壤CO₂释放的贡献分别为0.84~0.86和0.14~0.16;在整个培养期,施氮对秸秆累计分解的影响呈先增加后减少的趋势,高氮和低氮施用对秸秆分解的促进程度最高分别为15.8%和7.9%,经历整个培养期,低氮抑制秸秆幅度达到7.1%,而高氮呈轻度促进秸秆分解的趋势（0.7%）.在整个培养期,秸秆配施不同氮量对SOC矿化的激发效应程度呈先升高后降低趋势,在第7 d取样达到最高为55%~148%,并且随着施氮量增加而升高,随着培养时间的进行,各处理的激发效应程度趋于相等,约为50%.因此,秸秆配施氮肥调节C：N不仅影响外源秸秆对SOC的贡献,也影响内源SOC的分解,进而影响土壤碳的固持,经过整个培养期,土壤残留秸秆碳不能完全补偿因激发效应导致SOC的损失,导致SOC库的净亏损.     

On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment

In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic, organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment, three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition, volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment.