青海瓦里关大气中多环芳烃的研究

2005年4月2日～5月23日,对瓦里关大气中的气相和颗粒相多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了连续观测.结果表明,总PAHs浓度为7.43～29.96ng/m³,气相PAHs的浓度为7.01～26.10ng/m³,颗粒相PAHs的浓度为0.28～7.84ng/m³,气相中PAHs占总浓度的66.5%～98.8%.气粒分配系数(K_p)与过冷饱和蒸汽压(PL0)呈良好相关性(R₂=0.67～0.92),斜率(mr)均>-1.瓦里关大气中PAHs的浓度受温度、风速、大气逆温层、大气长距离迁移等因素的影响.     

非离子有机物淡水沉积物质量基准推导方法——以林丹为例

沉积物质量基准是对水质基准的补充,对水质管理有重要意义.国际上有多种建立沉积物质量基准的方法,其中,相平衡分配法是美国环境保护局推荐使用的方法之一.相平衡分配法利用污染物的沉积物-水平衡分配系数(Kp)和水质基准中污染物的最终慢性毒性值(FCV)计算污染物的沉积物质量基准值(SQC).当缺乏污染物的沉积物生物毒性效应数...     

区域沉积物质量基准常用建立方法的改进与优化

建立区域沉积物质量基准（SQC）具有重大的社会、经济和环境价值。本文选择两种当前流行的基准建立方法,相平衡分配法（EqP）和质量三合一法（Triad）,重点阐述在指标选择与定量、误差模拟校正、模式拟和运算等实施操作方面各自的改进与优化。同时探讨了SQC的发展趋势以及在污染沉积物治理与恢复决策中的作用。     

Cold comfort: Arctic seabirds find refugia from climate change and potential competition in marginal ice zones and fjords

Climate change alters species distributions by shifting their fundamental niche in space through time. Such effects may be exacerbated by increased inter-specific competition if climate alters species dominance where competitor ranges overlap. This study used census data, telemetry and stable isotopes to examine the population and foraging ecology of a pair of Arctic and temperate congeners across an extensive zone of sympatry in Iceland, where sea temperatures varied substantially. The abundance of Arctic Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia declined with sea temperature. Accessibility of refugia in cold water currents or fjords helped support higher numbers and reduce rates of population decline. Competition with temperate Common guillemots Uria aalge did not affect abundance, but similarities in foraging ecology were sufficient to cause competition when resources are limiting. Continued warming is likely to lead to further declines of Brünnich’s guillemot, with implications for conservation status and ecosystem services.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01650-7.     

Determination of octanol-air partition coefficients and supercooled liquid vapor pressures of organochlorine pesticides

Octanol-air partition coefficients (K_OA) and supercooled liquid vapor pressures (P_L) of nine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDD, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH were determined as functions of temperature using a gas chromatographic retention time method. Among them, the K_OA of o,p′-DDE and o,p′-DDD and the P_L of o,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDD, β-HCH and δ-HCH were determined for the first time. The determined K_OA and P_L values of investigated compounds at 25°C ranged from 3.14 × 10⁷ (α-HCH) to 3.76×10⁹ (p,p′-DDD), and 8.95×10^{? 4} Pa (p,p′-DDD) to 1.08×10^{? 1} Pa (α-HCH), respectively. The K_OA and P_L data were compared with published data. The K_OA values of o,p′-DDT at 25°C were 3.23×10⁹, higher than o,p′-DDE (1.02×10⁹) and o,p′-DDD (2.01×10⁹), indicating o,p′-DDT were more preferred to partition in soil compared with the metabolites. The K_OA values were lower and P_L values were higher for o,p′-DDE and o,p′-DDD, compared with their p,p′-isomeric counterparts, leading to a potential difference in behavior and fate of these isomers. The discrepancies among chemicals are obvious, which reflected in the increasing K_OA and decreasing P_L values in order of α-HCH, γ-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD. For each compound, the LogK_OA decreased linearly with reciprocal absolute temperature, while LogP_L had a significant positive correlation with the inverse absolute temperature. The present study suggested that the method of gas chromatographic retention time was appropriate to measure the K_OA and P_L of a number of OCPs.     

Atmospheric organochlorine pesticide (OCP) levels in a metropolitan city in Turkey

Air concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured at four different sites in Bursa, Turkey to determine current levels. For this purpose, about 35 samples were collected from June 2008 to June 2009 using a high volume air sampler (HVAS) equipped with particle and gas-phase units. Ten OCP compounds (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-hexachlorocyclohexane, Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, Endosulfan beta, Endrin aldehyde, p,p′-DDT and Methoxychlor) were reported within the scope of this study. The average concentrations of total (particle + gas) ∑OCPs were 550.9 ± 277.6 pg m⁻³ (coastal), 1030.7 ± 453.5 pg m⁻³ (urban/traffic), 519.7 ± 277.5 pg m⁻³ (semi-rural) and 722.8 ± 351.8 pg m⁻³ (urban/residential). The individual OCP concentrations were in line with reported concentrations. The maximum particle and gas-phase concentrations were determined for Endosulfan beta and beta-HCH for all sites, respectively. Available gas/particle partitioning models were applied in order to investigate the compatibility of the experimental data and the significant relationships were observed.     

Atmospheric phenanthrene pollution modulates carbon allocation in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The influence of atmospheric phenanthrene (PHE) exposure (160 μg m⁻³) during one month on carbon allocation in clover was investigated by integrative (plant growth analysis) and instantaneous ¹³CO₂ pulse-labelling approaches. PHE exposure diminished plant growth parameters (relative growth rate and net assimilation rate) and disturbed photosynthesis (carbon assimilation rate and chlorophyll content), leading to a 25% decrease in clover biomass. The root-shoot ratio was significantly enhanced (from 0.32 to 0.44). Photosynthates were identically allocated to leaves while less allocated to stems and roots. PHE exposure had a significant overall effect on the ¹³C partitioning among clover organs as more carbon was retained in leaves at the expense of roots and stems. The findings indicate that PHE decreases root exudation or transfer to symbionts and in leaves, retains carbon in a non-structural form diverting photosynthates away from growth and respiration (emergence of an additional C loss process).     

DGT和CaCl2提取下冶炼场地及周边土壤Cd固液分配特征

通过梯度扩散薄膜(DGT)和CaCl₂等提取方法,研究了典型冶炼场地及周边多种类型土壤中Cd有效态含量和固液分配特征,并构建回归预测模型.结果表明:场地渣土混合土壤、林地表层和深层土壤中Cd有效态含量较高,DGT提取结果分别为23.2,1.90和2.53μg/kg,农田深层土壤、杂填土和素填土较低,分别为0.03, 0.05和0.03μg/kg.土壤Cd固液分配系数(Kd)在杂填土、素填土、渣土混合土壤中最高,黏土、农田土壤次之,全风化土和林地土壤最低.总体上DGT测定的Kd值高于Ca Cl₂测定结果,CaCl₂土液比、提取液pH值显著影响Kd值结果(P<0.05). CaCl₂提取结果能够通过线性回归有效预测DGT测定的K_d (R²=0.89～0.93).     

Multiscale Drivers of Water Chemistry of Boreal Lakes and Streams

The variability in surface water chemistry within and between aquatic ecosystems is regulated by many factors operating at several spatial and temporal scales. The importance of geographic, regional-, and local-scale factors as drivers of the natural variability of three water chemistry variables representing buffering capacity and the importance of weathering (acid neutralizing capacity, ANC), nutrient concentration (total phosphorus, TP), and importance of allochthonous inputs (total organic carbon, TOC) were studied in boreal streams and lakes using a method of variance decomposition. Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) of ANC, TP, and TOC and 38 environmental variables in 361 lakes and 390 streams showed the importance of the interaction between geographic position and regional-scale variables. Geographic position and regional-scale factors combined explained 15.3% (streams) and 10.6% (lakes) of the variation in ANC, TP, and TOC. The unique variance explained by geographic, regional, and local-scale variables alone was <10%. The largest amount of variance was explained by the pure effect of regional-scale variables (9.9% for streams and 7.8% for lakes), followed by local-scale variables (2.9% and 5.8%) and geographic position (1.8% and 3.7%). The combined effect of geographic position, regional-, and local-scale variables accounted for between 30.3% (lakes) and 39.9% (streams) of the variance in surface water chemistry. These findings lend support to the conjecture that lakes and streams are intimately linked to their catchments and have important implications regarding conservation and restoration (management) endeavors.     

Factors affecting distribution and mobility of trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) in a perennial grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Champagne region of France

Soil and Vitis vinifera L. (coarse and fine roots, leaves, berries) concentration and geochemical partitioning of Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in a contaminated calcareous Champagne plot to assess their mobility and transfer. Accumulation ratios in roots remained low (0.1-0.4 for Cu and Zn, <0.05 for Pb). Differences between elements resulted from vegetation uptake strategy and soil partitioning. Copper, significantly associated with the oxidisable fraction (27.8%), and Zn with the acid soluble fraction (33.3%), could be mobilised by rhizosphere acidification and oxidisation, unlike Pb, essentially contained in the reducible fraction (72.4%). Roots should not be considered as a whole since the more reactive fine roots showed higher accumulation ratios than coarse ones. More sensitive response of fine roots, lack of correlation between chemical extraction results and vegetation concentrations, and very limited translocation to aerial parts showed that fine root concentrations should be used when assessing bioavailability.