Differential partitioning and speciation of Hg in wet FGD facilities of two Spanish PCC power plants

This paper evaluates the speciation and partitioning of mercury in two Spanish pulverised coal combustion power plants (PP1 and PP2), equipped with wet limestone-based flue gas desulphurisation facilities (FGD) operating with forced oxidation and re-circulation of FGD water streams. These plants are fed with coal (PP1) and coal/pet-coke blends (PP2) with different mercury contents. The behaviour, partitioning and speciation of Hg were found to be similar during the combustion processes but different in the FGD systems of the two power plants. A high proportion (86-88%) of Hg escaped the electrostatic precipitator in gaseous form, Hg²⁺ being the predominant mercury species (68-86%) to enter the FGD. At this point, a relatively high total Hg retention (72% and 65%) was achieved in the PP1 and PP2 (2007) FGD facilities respectively. However, during the second sampling campaign for PP2 (2008), the mercury removal achieved by the FGD was much lower (26%). Lab-scale tests point to liquid/gas ratio as the main parameter affecting oxidised mercury capture in the scrubber. The partitioning of the gaseous mercury reaching the FGD system in the wastes and by-products differed. In the low mercury input power plant (PP1) most of the mercury (67%) was associated with the FGD gypsum. Moreover in PP2 a significant proportion of the gaseous mercury reaching the FGD system remained in the aqueous phase (45%) in the 2007 sampling campaign while most of it escaped in 2008 (74%). This may be attributed to the scrubber operating conditions and the different composition and chemistry of the scrubber solution probably due to the use of an additive.     

餐饮源气相与颗粒相多环芳烃排放特征

多环芳烃(PAHs)是导致大气二次污染严重和臭氧浓度高的原因之一.通过对深圳市3家商业性餐馆和1家食品加工厂的采样调查,分析对比了我国主要中式餐饮源排放的PAHs在气相和颗粒相之间的差异,也重点关注了餐饮源烷基PAHs的排放特征.结果表明,食品加工厂排放的颗粒相和气相ρ(总PAHs)为(1 381.6±140.5)ng...     

重非水相液体性质对非离子表面活性剂增溶作用的影响

在油水比1:40的条件下,浓度为200-10000 mg·l-1的非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX100)对三氯乙烯(TCE)、氯苯(CB)、1, 2-二氯苯(1, 2-DCB)、1, 3-二氯苯(1, 3-DCB)、四氯乙烯(PCE)和三氯乙烯-四氯乙烯混合物(TCE-PCE, 1:1,V:V)的增溶作用表明,TX100在试验浓度范围内,对TCE,CB和1, 2-DCB均无明显增溶作用,当TX100浓度分别大于6000,4000和800 mg·l-1时,对1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE和PCE具有显著的增溶作用.TX100在TCE,CB,1, 2-DCB,1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE及PCE有机相/水相间的分配系数(lgKd)分别为3.60,3.36,3.38,3.26,3.17和2.07,分配系数和分配损失的大小与油-水界面张力呈负相关.     

Grain size partitioning of platinum-group elements in road-deposited sediments: implications for anthropogenic flux estimates from autocatalysts

Twelve road-deposited sediment samples were analyzed for platinum-group elements (PGEs) and Pb in the <63 microm fraction of an urban watershed in Hawaii. Three samples were further fractionated into five size classes, from 63-125 microm to 1000-2000 microm, and these were analyzed for PGEs and Pb. Concentrations in the <63 microm fraction reached 174 microg/kg (Pt), 101 microg/kg (Pd), 16 microg/kg (Rh), and 1.3 microg/kg (Ir). Enrichment ratios followed the sequence Rh>Pt=Pd>Ir. Iridium was geogenic in origin, while the remaining PGEs indicated significant anthropogenic contamination. Palladium, Pt and Rh concentrations and enrichment signals were consistent with PGE bivariate ratios and PGE partitioning in three-way catalysts. Size partitioning indicated that the <63 microm fraction had the lowest PGE concentrations and mass loading percentages. These data suggest that autocatalyst PGE flux estimates into the environment will be significantly underestimated if only a fine grain size fraction is analyzed.     

Allocation plasticity and plant-metal partitioning: meta-analytical perspectives in phytoremediation

In this meta-analysis of plant growth and metal uptake parameters, we selected 19 studies of heavy metal (HM) phytoremediation to evaluate trends of allocation plasticity and plant-metal partitioning in roots relative to shoots. We calculated indexes of biomass allocation and metal distribution for numerous metals and plant species among four families of interest for phytoremediation purposes (e.g. Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Solanaceae). We determined that plants shift their biomass and distribute metals more to roots than shoots possibly to circumvent the challenges of increasing soil-HM conditions. Although this shift is viewed as a stress-avoidance strategy complementing intrinsic stress-tolerance, our findings indicate that plants express different levels of allocation plasticity and metal partitioning depending on their overall growth strategy and status as ‘fast-grower’ or ‘slow-grower’ species. Accordingly, we propose a conceptual model of allocation plasticity and plant-metal partitioning comparing ‘fast-grower’ and ‘slow-grower’ strategies and outlining applications for remediation practices.     

Maximum permissible and negligible concentrations for some organic substances and pesticides

The aim of the paper is to provide interested parties the methods that were used for generic hazard assessment in The Netherlands, and the resulting so-called maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) and the negligible concentrations (NCs) for approximately 150 organic substances and pesticides. The MPCs and NCs were derived for water, sediment, and soil. The concentration in the environment above which the risk of adverse effects was considered unacceptable to ecosystems is called the MPC. The MPCs take into account that the substances are distributed among the different environmental compartments, and are harmonized accordingly. The MPCs served as a basis for the Dutch government to set generic environmental quality standards (EQS) in The Netherlands (IWINS,[15]). EQS in turn are used by the Dutch Government to assess the environmental quality and for other environmental policy purposes. Concentrations in the environment below which the occurrence of adverse effects is considered to be negligible are called NCs. Hazards must be reduced when the environmental concentration of a substance exceeds its MPC. In-between this limits reduction of hazards is preferable. The MPC is a scientifically derived hazard limit. The NC is simply defined as 1% of the MPC. In general, there is a great demand for ecotoxicological data that currently limits a more reliable estimate of many MPCs. For water, approximately half of the MPCs are derived on the basis of four or more NOECs (no observed effect concentrations). For the other half, MPCs are based on only a few chronic or acute tests. For soil and sediment, however, almost no ecotoxicological data are available, and MPCs for those compartments have, in many cases, been derived from MPCs in water applying the equilibrium partitioning method (EqP-method), resulting in MPCs with greater uncertainty. Some of the methods and underlying assumptions that have been used may need improvement. For example, the factor between MPC and NC, the statistical extrapolation method, the method that is used for secondary poisoning, the role of the background concentrations of ‘naturally’ occurring substances, and the bioavailability and the EqP-method. There is a great need for hazard limits, and the present compilation tries to provide those as well as identifying research gaps.     

臭氧预氧化对芘在天然有机物中分配行为的影响

以疏水性有机物——芘为代表,考察了臭氧预氧化处理对高稳定性有机污染物在天然有机物(NOM)中分配行为的影响.结果表明,芘在不同性质NOM中分配系数(K_oc)的大小与NOM中芳香结构和疏水基团含量有关,芘在液相、吸附相NOM中的分配行为受NOM自身特性、吸附性能及吸附剂表面有机碳覆盖率(f_oc)大小的影响.臭氧预氧化能够破坏NOM中的芳香结构和疏水结构,削弱NOM与芘之间的相互作用,降低芘的Koc,臭氧预氧化对吸附相NOM疏水结构的破坏是造成芘在吸附相NOM中分配能力降低的主要原因.     

天津滨海新区大气中多氯联苯的季节分布与气粒分配

2013年4月~2014年1月在天津滨海新区泰达学院分季节采集23对大气样品(气相+颗粒相).分析了样品中84种多氯联苯(PCBs)异构体,结果表明,总浓度为71.08~567.36pg/m3(均值307.18pg/m3);春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的PCBs浓度分别为275.19,372.55,259.96,281.81pg/m3,季节规律不明显,冬季浓度偏高,可能是由工业源排放的PCBs和冬季较高的大气颗粒物浓度造成;气相多氯联苯占总浓度的77.47%,且季节差异明显,夏季(92.44%)>秋季(85.16%)>春季(80.61%)>冬季(42.70%);Clausius-Clapeyron (C.C)方程斜率为-5302,表明气相PCBs对温度依赖程度很大,其受到了当地工业源的影响;log KP与log PL0和log KOA的斜率分别为-0.43和0.46,偏离了气粒分配平衡时对应的斜率-1和+1,表明滨海新区大气中多氯联苯受到了当地污染源排放的强烈影响,所以没有达到平衡状态.