Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Tracer Tests: Experimental Results

Two dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) tracer tests werecarried out in a shallow aquifer north of Fort Worth, TX. i-Propanolwas used as the nonpartitioning tracer; n-hexanol and n-octanol werethe partitioning tracers. Field data, mathematical modeling, theresults of column tests, and field tracer tests with NaCl were usedin designing the DNAPL tracer tests. The results indicated the presenceof DNAPL at both sites tested; semi-quantitative estimates of theamounts of DNAPL present were obtained by mathematical modeling.Interpretation was complicated by heterogeneity of the aquifer andmass transport effects.     

Spatial distribution and transport of heavy metals in soil, ponded-surface water and grass in a pb-contaminated watershed as related to land-use practices

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of heavy metal in soil and evaluate the dissolution of metal from soil to ponded-surface water, leaching through soil profiles and metal uptake in grass as related to different land-use practices. The data provided a scientific basis for best-management practices for land use in Khli Ti watershed. The watershed has a Pb-contamination problem from the previous operation of a Pb-ore concentrator and abandoned Zn–Pb mine. Sampling sites were selected from a land-use map, with land-use types falling into the following four categories: forest, agricultural land, residential area and road. Soil, ponded-surface water, grass samples and soil profiles were collected. The study related soil characteristics from different land-use practices and locations with observed metal concentrations in ponded-surface water and soil. High enrichment factors of Pb and As in soil were found. Partitioning coefficient, K_d values were in the order: Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd > Zn. Soil disturbance from land-use activities including tillage and traffic increased leaching of trace metal from soils. Pb in soil was significantly taken up by grass even though the Transfer Factor, TF values were rather low. Agricultural activities in the watershed must be limited. Moreover, land encroachments in the upper and middle part of the watershed which have high potential of Pb must be strictly controlled in order to reduce the Pb contamination from non-point sources.     

汾河流域太原段河水及沉积物中PFOS和PFOA的浓度分布特征

考察山西省汾河太原段全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的浓度分布特征,采用固相萃取(SPE)的前处理方法与高效液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)仪器分析方法,检测了汾河太原段水体及沉积物中PFOS和PFOA的含量.结果表明,汾河水样品中PFOS和PFOA浓度范围分别为3.54~16.23 ng·L-1和2.49~4.79 ng·L-1,沉积物样品中含量分别为7.77~51.22 ng·g-1和1.94~3.54 ng·g-1.汾河太原段水样PFOS的浓度从上游到下游有逐渐升高的趋势,PFOA在各采样点的浓度相近;沉积物样品中PFOS的浓度大致呈从上游到下游逐渐升高的趋势,升高趋势没有水样中的明显,但是PFOA在各采样点的浓度亦相近.此外,PFOS在水体及沉积物中的分配与沉积物中有机碳的含量相关,而PFOA的相关性不显著.     

浙江汤浦水库浮游植物季节演替及其影响因子分析

为探索我国亚热带饮用水源水库浮游植物时空变化特征及其影响因素,2011年对汤浦水库浮游植物和22项水文水环境因子进行月度监测.结果表明,调查期间共检出浮游植物7门62属115种,其中绿藻种类最多,硅藻其次;春季水华期间(4月)浮游植物细胞密度达到最高20.88×10~6cells·L~(-1),随后因强降雨影响降至最低0.59×10~6cells·L~(-1)(6月);浮游植物群落组成的时间异质性比空间异质性更为明显,其时空方差分解的结果显示,时间变异占总变异的72.3%,大于仅占2.5%的空间变异;优势种和冗余分析(RDA)表明,硅藻全年优势最为明显,其次是蓝藻和隐藻,再次是绿藻,其中春季由硅藻和蓝藻占优势,夏季由蓝藻和绿藻占优势,秋季和冬季则由硅藻和隐藻占优势;HRT及其驱动的水库离子浓度变化和反硝化过程是主导春季和秋季水体扰动耐受和敏感种类间演变,以及春季水华形成的关键因子;SiO_2、WT和N∶P则是主导冬季和夏季,硅藻、隐藻和蓝藻、绿藻间演变的关键因子.     

长江口沉积物重金属赋存形态及风险特征

基于长江口沉积物8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)总量与形态在丰、平、枯水期以及14个典型点位的分布特征,通过平衡分配法建立了长江口沉积物质量基准(SQGs),并以此评价长江口沉积物重金属生态风险,揭示重金属生态风险与其形态特征间的相关关系.结果表明,除Cd之外,长江口沉积物重金属以残渣态为主导形态,尤其是As、Cr、Hg,其残渣态含量均为90%以上.长江口As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的沉积物质量基准分别为43.29、0.672、79.65、19.08、0.569、339.09、30.87、411.36μg·g~(-1).Cu的生态风险程度最高,对水生生物具有较大的毒性影响,应当引起重视.河口上游受到长江径流影响大,在丰水期风险较高,在平水期和枯水期则风险偏低;而下游受上海等城市排污影响较大,风险较高(尤其在平水期和枯水期).8种重金属的生态风险与赋存形态之间表现出3种不同的相关关系.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in atmosphere and soil of a production area in China: Levels and partitioning

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in atmosphere and soil samples taken in winter and summer at a PBDE production area of Laizhou Bay in China. The concentrations of P11PBDE were 0.017–1.17 ng/m3 in gaseous phase, 0.5–161.1 ng/m3 in particulate phase, and 73–2629 ng/g dry weight in soil samples. The PBDE congener pattern in the gaseous phase di ered from that in the particulate phase, and the PBDE congener pattern in the particulate phase was similar with that in soil. This demonstrated that there was little di erence with atmospheric particle-soil transfer e ciency among PBDE congeners. In addition, there were seasonal variations in percentages on particle for lower brominated congeners. The BDE-28 was mostly in the gaseous phase in summer (88.3%), whereas the average proportion of BDE-28 in gaseous phase in winter was 38.9%. Higher brominated congeners (i.e., BDE-206, BDE- 207, BDE-208, and BDE-209) were bound to the atmospheric particulate phase, and their potentials for long-range migration were mainly a ected by the environmental behavior of atmospheric particles. Results indicated that PBDE congeners in summer were closer to gas-particle partition equilibrium than in winter. Temperature should be considered the main factor causing nonequilibrium in winter.     

太湖流域宜溧河酚类内分泌干扰物的空间分布及风险评价

以NP(nonylphenol,壬基酚)、4-t-OP(4-t-octylphenol,辛基酚)和BPA(bisphenol A,双酚A)为目标物质,研究酚类EDCs(内分泌干扰物)在太湖流域宜溧河地表水体和悬浮物中的空间分布特征及风险评价. 结果表明,太湖流域宜溧河地表水体中ρ(NP)、ρ(4-t-OP)和ρ(BPA)分别为156.2～434.0、11.8～19.4和89.8～353.8 ng/L,悬浮物中w(NP)、w(4-t-OP)和w(BPA)分别为520.0～9 818.2、52.0～454.5和39.0～2 454.5 ng/g. 流域内生活及工业污水排放可能是宜溧河流域水体中酚类EDCs的主要来源,ρ(NP)与ρ(NO₃-)呈显著正相关(R=0.860,P<0.01). 宜溧河水系中酚类EDCs在水相-悬浮物相的有机碳标准分配系数为4.14～6.41,表明悬浮颗粒物的吸附是水体中EDCs迁移的一个重要途径. 研究区域中NP、4-t-OP和BPA的入湖量分别为506、57.9和297 kg/a. 风险评价结果表明,该地区部分河段ρ(EDCs)具有潜在的生态风险.      

雾霾期北京大气中多环芳烃污染特征及暴露风险评估

雾霾对我国尤其是华北平原地区造成了极大的困扰,其发生常以颗粒物浓度急剧增长为特征,给人群健康带来了极大的风险。为进一步阐释雾霾的形成过程及其健康效应,在冬季雾霾期对北京城区大气颗粒态及气态中18种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了连续测定,同步监测颗粒物、痕量气体污染物以及气象参数的变化,并对PAHs的浓度、组成、气粒分配等大气行为以及其与气象因素的作用机制进行了探讨。北京城区大气气相和颗粒物相中ΣPAHs浓度分别为585 ng·m~(-3)和705 ng·m~(-3)。雾霾发生时,PM_(2.5)浓度升高了3.6倍,PAHs浓度升高了2.6倍,18种PAHs同系物的浓度均随PM_(2.5)的浓度线性增加,其线性相关性受PAHs来源以及氧化活性的影响;夜间较重质量数的PAHs相对比例增加,主要受日间交通源以及夜间燃烧源贡献强度影响。受颗粒物组成以及湿度的影响,雾霾天气下PAHs颗粒相分配率降低。进一步评估了北京城区人群的PAHs吸入健康效应,冬季雾霾频繁发生下其对人群癌症风险为6.2×10~(-5)。     

太湖和辽河沉积物重金属质量基准及生态风险评估

以太湖、辽河的表层沉积物为研究对象,运用相平衡分配法（EqP）初步探讨了两流域沉积物中4种重金属（Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn）的沉积物质量基准（C_SQC）推荐值,并对两流域沉积物中的重金属进行了生态风险评估. 根据美国国家环境保护局（US EPA）基于水生生物对重金属的最终慢性毒理水平的淡水水质基准,制定了太湖及辽河4种重金属（Cd,Cu,Pb和Zn）的沉积物质量基准推荐值分别为6.42,55.3,20.6和201.5 mg/kg及5.42,52.8,18.9和177.7 mg/kg. 通过与不同国家及地区制定的C_SQC值进行比较,推算出4种重金属的C_SQC值大都接近所有数据的中间值. 从沉积物固相和间隙水相2个不同的角度对沉积物中重金属进行的生态风险评估表明,两流域的大部分区域同步可提取重金属（SEM）与酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）含量的差值大于0,而_i［C_Ti］/［C_SQC,i］值与_i［C_IW,i］/［CCC_i］值均大于1,说明在整体上两流域沉积物中的重金属存一定的生态风险. 由于未考虑各金属元素之间的拮抗或协同等作用以及底栖生物敏感性的问题,所使用的生态风险方法在评价生态风险方面可能会相对有所偏差.      

干活性污泥吸附水中染料的试验研究

以城市污水处理厂干活性污泥为吸附剂对染料直接深棕M、酸性媒介棕RH进行了吸附研究,结果表明,吸附过程能很好地用二级速率表达式表示,同时也可用Lagergren一级速率方程描述。其一级吸附速率常数k1分别为0.0204min-1和0.0068min-1,二级吸附速率常数k2分别为0.00592和0.00589gmg-1min-1。两者的吸附特性不同,其吸附等温线前者符合Freundlich方程,后者既符合Freundlich方程也符合Langmuir方程。吸附平衡时间、去除率亦不同,前者明显大于后者,达到吸附平衡的时间分别为120min和240min。两种染料的正辛醇/水分配系数logP计算数值分别为4.65和-0.22,这一顺序与两种染料在干污泥上的吸附行为相符。