Removal characteristics and kinetic analysis of an aerobic vapor-phase bioreactor for hydrophobic alpha-pinene

Biofiltration is considered an effective method to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of a bacterial biofilter packed with wood chips and peat for the removal of hydrophobic α-pinene. When inoculated with two pure degraders and adapted activated sludge, a removal efficiency (RE) of more than 95% was achieved after a start-up period of 11 days. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 50 g/(m³. hr) with RE of 94% was obtained at empty bed retention time (EBRT) of 102 sec. When higher α-pinene concentrations and shorter EBRTs were applied, the REs and ECs decreased significantly due to mass-transfer and biological reaction limitations. As deduced from the experimental results, approximately 74% of α-pinene were completely mineralized by the consortiums and the biomass yield was 0.60 g biomass/g α-pinene. Sequence analysis of the selected bands excised from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the inoculated pure cultures could be present during the whole operation, and others were closely related to bacteria being able to degrade hydrocarbons. The kinetic results demonstrated that the whole biofiltration for α-pinene was diffusion-limit controlled owing to its hydrophobic characteristics. These findings indicated that this bacterial biofiltration is a promising technology for the remediation of hydrophobic industrial waste gases containing α-pinene.     

广东南岭大气背景点气态元素汞含量变化特征

利用高时间分辨率自动大气测汞仪(Tekran 2537B),于2012年6月~2013年5月对南岭地区大气气态元素汞(GEM)进行了为期1a的野外观测.结果表明,南岭地区年均GEM含量为(2.56±0.93)ng/m³,明显高于全球大气汞背景值(1.50~1.70ng/m³).GEM秋季含量最高[(3.03±1.08)ng/m³],春季最低[(2.30±0.69)ng/m³].日间GEM含量[(2.61±0.06)ng/m³]略高于夜间[(2.53±0.07)ng/m³],峰值出现在17:00.太阳辐射、气温、风速、相对湿度及本地源都对GEM日变化过程有一定的贡献.潜在贡献因子分析(PSCF)结果表明,大气汞的长距离迁移是南岭地区GEM的重要来源,全年南岭地区主要受源自于广西、湖南、广东和江西的大气汞迁移的共同影响.GEM主要源区与主要的有色金属冶炼厂分布有较强的一致性,暗示有色金属冶炼是影响南岭大气汞含量的重要大气汞排放源,而本地局部的燃煤排放也对监测点大气汞含量有一定的影响.     

天津市环境空气恶臭污染状况与典型气态污染物识别

以天津市中心城区和典型工业区为重点调查区域,通过网格法布设40个采样点,共采集不同季节的环境空气样品近1 300个. 采用嗅觉测定法、分光光度法和GC-MS分别测定恶臭感官浓度、NH₃和其他气态污染物的组成及浓度. 结果表明:①天津市环境臭气浓度介于0~90之间,中心城区和工业区臭气浓度水平相当. 夏季臭气浓度<10的样品最多,占总样品量的42%,春季超过85%的样品臭气浓度>20,秋季超过70%的样品臭气浓度>20,说明春、秋两季环境恶臭污染较为严重. ②NH₃是检出率最高的恶臭物质. 天津市夏、秋、春三季ρ(NH₃)平均值分别为0.070、0.058和0.060 mg/m3,各类功能区中居住区和混合区的ρ(NH₃)较高. ③秋季H₂S的检出较为普遍,ρ(H₂S)在0.006 4~0.220 0 mg/m3之间,中心城区和工业区的ρ(H₂S)平均值分别为0.014 0和 0.023 0 mg/m3,最高值出现在工业区. 以物质浓度、嗅阈值和检出率为评估参数,通过分级赋值和多参数综合评分筛选出10种典型气态污染物,分别为NH₃、CS₂、苯、甲苯、间二甲苯、乙苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、乙醇、丙酮和异戊二烯;建立了臭气浓度与这10种污染物浓度的多元线性回归方程,该方程具有良好的统计学意义和相关性(P<0.05,R=0.78),表明这些气态化合物是影响城市空气恶臭感官污染的重要因素.      

新型等离子体同时脱除多种烟气污染物净化系统

燃煤电厂烟气中各种污染物一般是混合在一起的,针对此实际情况将等离子体技术与传统静电除尘器相结合,改传统电除尘器电源为高压直流＋高频高压交流使之达到产生等离子体要求的电源,研制一种同时脱除烟气中PM2.5~PM10和多种气体污染物的新型烟气净化系统。该系统不仅可以同时脱除多种污染物,且不产生二次废弃物,其改造和运行费用均在接受范围内,因此是一种具有应用潜力的系统。     

Comparison of concentrations of mercury in ambient air to its accumulation by leafy vegetables: An important step in terrestrial food chain analysis

A biomonitoring network with leafy vegetables was established near a chlor-alkali plant in order to compare the accumulation of mercury to the atmospheric total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentration. Based on data obtained in the reference area the ‘normal’ mercury concentration in vegetables is between 0.6 and 5.4 μg kg⁻¹ FW. The effect detection limits (EDLs) are between 1.2 and 11.0 μg kg⁻¹ FW and the biological detection limits (BDLs), the lowest [TGM] that can be detected significantly, are between 3 and 4 ng m⁻³. The accumulation rate is lowest for lettuce and high for curly kale that proved to be an excellent accumulator and as such it is very useful for biomonitoring purposes. A comparison made in the 1980s between biomonitoring results with grass and the mercury concentration in leafy vegetables from private gardens nearby proved to be valid when applied to the current biomonitoring results with vegetables.     

Environmental mercury contamination of an artisanal zinc smelting area in Weining County, Guizhou, China

To investigate the extent of Hg contamination due to artisanal Zn smelting activities in Weining County, northwestern Guizhou, China, total Hg and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in soil and surface water were determined. Samples of corn plants growing in the study area were also collected for total Hg analysis. A high geometric mean Hg emission factor of 75gHgt(-1)Zn was estimated and significantly elevated total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations were found in the atmosphere adjacent to the Zn smelting sites, ranging from 30 to 3814ngm(-3). Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in topsoil samples ranged from 62 to 355microgkg(-1) and from 0.20 to 1.1microgkg(-1), respectively. Total Hg Concentrations in corn plant tissues increased in the order of grains相似文献   

厦门秋季近郊近地面CO2浓度变化特征研究

利用CO2监测仪在厦门近郊中国科学院城市环境研究所超级监测站进行了秋季CO2数据采集,并结合监测站气象要素和气体污染物监测,分析了近地面CO2浓度变化特征、风速风向对其变化特征的影响以及CO2与部分气体污染物的相互关系.结果表明,厦门近郊秋季近地面CO2浓度主要集中分布在375～415μmol.mol-1范围内,约占70.87%;近地面大气CO2日变化曲线呈单峰型结构,CO2浓度日变化范围375.74～418.18μmol.mol-1,日平均最高值出现在黎明前后(408.54μmol.mol-1),最小值出现在午后附近(379.14μmol.mol-1),夜晚(18:00～05:00,北京时间)平均浓度(400.87±4.05)μmol.mol-1高于白天(06:00～17:00)平均浓度(388.86±9.40)μmol.mol-1;风速日变化曲线与CO2呈现完全相反的变化趋势,夜晚时段(22:00～04:00)风速波动范围在1.0～1.5 m.s-1时,对应的CO2浓度变化平稳,基本稳定在(400.72±2.12)μmol.mol-1.白天时段(09:00～18:00)风速变化范围在2.0～2.5 m.s-1时,对应的CO2浓度变化范围较大为379.14～394.83μmol.mol-1;用指数函数模型估测到该站点区域CO2背景浓度为386.84μmol.mol-1;观测期间该站点主要风向为东北偏东,统计该方向上CO2浓度与风速的相关关系,得出CO2浓度与风速呈极显著负相关(r=-0.67),相关系数高于所有方向统计的CO2浓度与风速的相关系数(r=-0.41,P<0.01),不同风向上CO2浓度贡献来源不同;此外,CO2浓度与温度、辐射量呈负相关(r=-0.541/-0.515,P<0.01),与湿度呈正相关(r=0.66,P<0.01);与其它大气气体污染物相比CO2与CO、NO的相关程度较高(r=0.469/0.436,P<0.01),与SO2相关程度较弱(r=0.126,P<0.01),经分析推测监测站点区域CO2排放源部分来自机动车排放,而燃煤排放贡献较小.     

ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤半焦表面性质及其中高温脱汞性能的影响

利用ZnCl_2溶液对褐煤进行浸渍后在700℃条件下热解制备改性半焦,采用N2吸附/脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等手段对ZnCl_2处理前后两种半焦表面物化性质进行了表征,在小型固定床反应器上研究了ZnCl_2溶液浸渍处理前后褐煤半焦对气态单质汞(Hg~0)的脱除性能.结果表明,经过ZnCl_2处理得到的半焦(ZSC)具有发达的孔隙结构,其表面含氧官能团含量和数量有所提高,并出现了新的C-Cl基团;在100~360℃温度范围内,制备的改性半焦ZSC的脱汞效率随温度升高而降低,但在中高温条件下仍表现出良好的脱汞性能;在化学吸附过程中,气态Hg0被C-Cl基团氧化为HgCl或HgCl_2,同时Hg~0与半焦表面含氧官能团结合生成HgO,Hg~0最终以HgCl_2或HgO的形式附着在半焦表面.     

有组织排放气态污染物现场监测中应注意的问题

针对有组织排放工业废气污染物监测中存在的一些疑难问题,从监测点位的选择、湿度较大废气的预处理、较大负压条件下仪器的选择等方面进行了探讨,提出了一些解决办法。     

邯郸市PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征及来源分析

为研究邯郸市PM_2.5中碳组分的污染特征及其来源,于2017年4~12月采集PM_2.5样品,用热光反射法（TOR）分析PM_2.5中有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）的质量浓度.结果表明：邯郸市PM_2.5和总碳气溶胶（TCA）质量浓度的年均值分别为（88.87±58.89）μg/m³和（31.45±23.35）μg/m³,PM_2.5质量浓度超标率为50%,TCA/PM_2.5比率的年均值为（38.23%±14.61%）,表明邯郸市碳组分污染严重.冬季PM_2.5中TCA质量浓度均值为（68.06±23.77）μg/m³,TCA/PM_2.5比率的均值为（46.86%±10.07%）,OC（37.09±13.05）μg/m³和EC（8.72±3.78）μg/m³浓度明显高于其它季节,表明冬季碳组分污染较为严重.各季节OC/EC比值均大于2,表明邯郸市全年均受二次有机碳（SOC）的污染;OC、EC及SOC与SO₂、NO₂呈显著正相关,与O₃呈显著负相关,尤其是与NO₂相关关系最强,说明邯郸市碳质气溶胶可能受到机动车尾气排放的影响.对8种碳组分进行主成分分析,发现道路扬尘、燃煤排放和机动车尾气是邯郸市PM_2.5中OC和EC的主要贡献源.