1株好氧脱氮菌的筛选与脱氮特性研究

研究好氧反硝化菌的筛选、生物脱氮机制及代谢特征.采用极限稀释及平板划线法对好氧条件下能同步硝化/反硝化的细菌进行广泛筛选,分离到6株具有好氧脱氮效果的异养菌,其中YY-5菌具有高效的好氧脱氮能力.对该菌株好氧脱氮过程气相和液相中可能生成的气态产物以及硝态氮等形式的含氮产物变化进行定量检测分析,探讨脱氮过程氮素的去向及其...     

鼎湖山大气气态总汞含量和变化特征的初步研究

利用高时间分辨率自动大气测汞仪(Tekran,2537B),于2009.10—2010.4对珠三角背景点鼎湖山大气气态总汞(TGM)进行了连续7个月的野外观测.结果表明,鼎湖山地区TGM的年均含量为(5.54±2.89)ng·m-3,含量明显高于全球大气汞含量的背景值(1.5～2.0ng·m-3)和国内部分地区的背景值,表明该地区大气受到了一定程度的汞污染.监测期间,4月TGM含量最高,11月最低.日变化特征显示白天TGM浓度比晚上高,属典型白天控制型.鼎湖山地区TGM主要受珠三角的区域污染影响,TGM含量变化与大气中NO2、SO2的相关性分析和与用电需求变化对比表明,珠三角人为源(尤其是燃煤的汞排放)对鼎湖山大气TGM有较大的贡献.     

A tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer for formaldehyde atmospheric measurements validated by simulation chamber instrumentation

A tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) for formaldehyde atmospheric measurements has been set up and validated through comparison experiments with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) in a simulation chamber. Formaldehyde was generated in situ in the chamber from reaction of ethene with ozone. Three HCHO ro-vibrational line intensities (at 2909.71, 2912.09 and 2914.46 cm^-1) possibly used by TDLAS were calibrated by FT-IR spectra simultaneously recorded in the 1600-3200 cm^-1 domain during ethene ozonolysis, enabling the on-line deduction of the varying concentration for HCHO in formation. The experimental line intensities values inferred confirmed the calculated ones from the updated HITRAN database. In addition, the feasibility of stratospheric in situ HCHO measurements using the 2912.09 cm^-1 line was demonstrated. The TDLAS performances were also assessed, leading to a 2σ detection limit of 88 ppt in volume mixing ratio with a response time of 60 sec at 30 Torr and 294 K for 112 m optical path. As part of this work, the room-temperature rate constant of this reaction and the HCHO formation yield were found to be in excellent agreement with the compiled literature data.     

Preparation of birnessite-supported Pt nanoparticles and their application in catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde

Flaky and nanospherical birnessite and birnessite-supported Pt catalysts were successfully prepared and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and N₂ adsorption-desorption. Effects of the birnessite morphology and Pt reduction method on the catalytic activity for the complete oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO) were investigated. It was found that flaky birnessite exhibited higher catalytic activity than nanospherical birnessite. The promoting effect of Pt on the birnessite catalyst indicated that the reduction method of the Pt precursor greatly influenced the catalytic performance. Flaky birnessite-supported Pt nanoparticles reduced by KBH₄ showed the highest catalytic activity and could completely oxidize HCHO into CO₂ and H₂O at 50℃, whereas the sample reduced using H₂-plasma showed lower activity for HCHO oxidation. The differences in catalytic activity of these materials were jointly attributed to the effects of pore structure, surface active sites exposed to HCHO and the dispersion of Pt nanoparticles.     

大气中醛的分析方法探讨

对目前我国大气监测中推荐的测定甲醛的酚试剂法和乙酰丙酮法作了改进,酚试剂法将反应时间30min改为80min,乙酰丙酮法将在室温下反应120min改为在70℃水浴中反应5min。干扰实验表明,其他醛类对乙酰丙酮法测甲醛无干扰,所测结果为甲醛,酚试剂法所测结果不仅为甲醛同时还有乙醛等其他醛类,因此可用它代表总醛。     

甲醇燃料车尾气净化催化剂的研究(Ⅰ)──单组分催化剂对甲醇的深度氧化

利用色谱－微反联用技术对甲醇深度氧化进行了研究。结果表明：甲醇在所有催化剂上氧化时均产生副产物甲醛及甲酸甲酯;非贵金属氧化物催化剂以Ｃｕ－Ｏ／ｒ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３的活性最优,其最佳负载量为１０％－２０％,不同的制备方法中以均匀沉淀法制备的催化剂最好;贵金属催化剂中Ａｇ／ｒ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３的活性较好,其甲醇氧化的Ｔ５０,Ｔ９５分别只有１３５℃和１９０℃,而且伴生的甲醛及甲酸甲酯浓度也较低。不同催化剂的活性与其     

北京市夏季城近郊区大气醛类含量及分布规律探讨

在1986和1987年夏,对北京市城郊几个测点进行了大气甲醛和总醛的采样分析.用酚试剂法测总醛,乙酰丙酮法测甲醛。1986和1987二年大气总醛浓度平均值分别为18.5和9.9μg/m~3;1987年夏大气甲醛浓度平均值为4.4μg/m~3.甲醛约占总醛的50％.甲醛和总醛浓度的日变化呈双峰形,其浓度的高低与机动车密度,气象条件等关系密切.北京大气醛类化合物浓度水平是一次污染与二次污染的叠加结果。     

3株甲醛转化霉菌的碳源利用特性

研究了3株甲醛转化霉菌Trichoderma viride H1, Penicillium javanicum H2, Aspergillus flavus H4在不同碳源条件下对甲醛的转化特性.结果表明,3菌株都能利用4种复合碳源(0.1%甲醛+10%蔗糖,0.1%甲醛+10%麦芽糖,0.1%甲醛+10%淀粉,0.1%甲醛+10%葡萄糖)并转化甲醛,其转化率分别在99.6%、74.9%、99.3%以上,且都能以甲醛为唯一碳源并转化甲醛,其转化率分别为88.4%、64.1%、63.0%.菌株H1测到菌丝干重的增长.     

新装修居室环境中甲醛的遗传毒性

通过环境卫生学调查和遗传毒性试验,了解甲醛对人体健康的危害性. 经随机抽样选择南宁市新装修的130户居室进行ρ(甲醛)测定,并对其中甲醛超标最严重的25户家庭成员共59人进行健康问卷调查;用单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星试验)方法和微核试验方法检测甲醛对体外培养人体淋巴细胞的遗传损伤作用. 结果表明:在南宁市130户新装修的居室环境中,甲醛超标率达73.1%,甲醛超标组居民的呼吸道和神经系统不良反应发生率升高,随着入住时间的延长,ρ(甲醛)下降,不良反应发生率也下降. 体外培养人体淋巴细胞试验结果显示:与对照组相比,甲醛低、中和高剂量组的彗星细胞发生率分别增加39.2%,80.6%和46.0%,彗星细胞尾长度增加23.9,40.6和28.3 μm,微核率增加218.6%,565.0%和647.0%;甲醛超标会使居住人群出现呼吸系统和神经系统疾病,随着时间的推移,室内ρ(甲醛)降低,对人体健康影响程度减少;甲醛可致体外培养人淋体巴细胞的遗传损伤.      

石家庄市室内空气中甲醛、苯系物和TVOC的污染特征

在石家庄市内选取部分新装修装饰的民用住宅进行室内空气采样,对甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC分别采用酚试剂分光光度法和气相色谱法进行分析。测定结果表明:新装修装饰后的室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC存在不同程度的超标现象,其中,甲苯污染相当严重,最大超标倍数为17.7;卧室中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC等污染物的超标率普遍高于客厅,其中卧室甲醛超标率约为客厅的2倍;室内空气中甲醛浓度随着密闭时间的增加持续增加。最后提出一系列相应的防治措施与建议。