Characteristic Study of Ambient Air Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) Concentrations During Rainy and Non-Rainy Periods at a Traffic Site in Taiwan

This investigation studied the concentrations of ambient air total gaseous mercury (TGM) during the rainy periods at the Hung-Kuang traffic sampling site in central Taiwan from May 26 to June 16, 2014. The results were compared with those of a previous study for ambient air TGM during non-rainy daytime and nighttime periods at the Hung-Kuang traffic sampling site, which was conducted during March 21 to July 20, 2012. The observed mean concentration of ambient air TGM was 1.16 ng/m³ during the rainy periods at the Hung-Kuang traffic sampling site. The mean ambient air TGM concentrations were higher in the non-rainy sampling period in daytime than in the rainy sampling period from this study. The mean ratio of non-rainy sampling period in daytime to that of rainy sampling period for ambient air TGM were 3.15. Furthermore, the mean ambient air TGM concentrations were higher in the non-rainy sampling period in nighttime in than in the rainy sampling period for this study. The mean rations for non-rainy sampling period in nighttime to that of the rainy sampling period for ambient air TGM were 2.70. The results obtained in this study also revealed that the ambient air TGM concentrations during the rainy period had the lowest concentrations when compared with the other sampling sites in other world regions.     

泡沫镍负载改性TiO_2降解甲醛

为了消除甲醛气体对人类的危害,对甲醛气体的光催化降解行为进行了研究。采用沉淀-胶溶法制得了具可见光活性的纳米TiO2溶胶,然后将其负载于经过预处理的泡沫镍板上,置于自置的光催化反应器中,考察了在可见光照射下对密闭空间里面一定浓度的甲醛气体的降解情况。采用乙酰丙酮分光光度法,在最佳的检测条件下检测气相中甲醛气体经不同光照时间后的浓度。研究发现,负载了氮掺杂改性的TiO2的泡沫镍板在可见光照射下能够有效降解气相中的甲醛,反应240 min后对甲醛气体的降解率为93%;而同样条件下反应器中只有处理过的泡沫镍板时,甲醛气体浓度基本保持不变。     

16种室内观赏植物对甲醛净化效果及生理生化变化

采用气体密封舱熏气法模拟居室装修后的甲醛污染环境,对16种常见室内观赏植物进行甲醛熏气处理,以熏气12h后植物单位叶面积吸收甲醛的量作为指标评价了不同植物对甲醛气体的净化能力,同时测定了熏气后植物的外观形态变化和叶片的SPAD值、相对电导率、丙二醛含量及POD活性等指标。结果显示,被测植物在一定程度上均可以有效吸收甲醛,单位面积吸收量从大到小依次为香石竹（Dianthus caryophyllus）、瑞典常春藤（Lsodon amethystoides）、蚊净香草（Saivia spp.）、比利时杜鹃（Rhododendron hybrida）、柠檬（Citrus limon）、袖珍椰子（Chamaedorea elegans）、龟背竹（Monstera deliciosa）、冷水花（Pilea cadierei）、长寿花（Kalanchoe blossfeldiana）、‘粉冠军’（Anthurium spp.）、巢蕨（Neottopteris nidus）、吊竹梅（Zebrina pendula）、栀子花（Gardenia jasminoides var.grandiflora）、百合竹（Dracaena reflex）、口红花（Aeschynanthus radicans）、孔雀竹芋（Calathea makoyana）。不同植物在甲醛熏气后表现出不同程度的受害反应和生理生化指标的变化,综合分析结果表明香石竹、瑞典常春藤、蚊净香草、袖珍椰子、冷水花、巢蕨等对甲醛的综合净化能力和抗性较好。     

δ15N-stable isotope analysis of NHx: An overview on analytical measurements,source sampling and its source apportionment

• Challenges in sampling of NH₃ sources for d¹⁵N analysis are highlighted. • Uncertainties in the isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ are outlined. • Characterizing dynamic isotopic fractionation may reduce uncertainties of NH_x science. Agricultural sources and non-agricultural emissions contribute to gaseous ammonia (NH₃) that plays a vital role in severe haze formation. Qualitative and quantitative contributions of these sources to ambient PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter below 2.5 µm) concentrations remains uncertain. Stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N) of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ (δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺), respectively) can yield valuable information about its sources and associated processes. This review provides an overview of the recent progress in analytical techniques for δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺) measurement, sampling of atmospheric NH₃ and NH₄⁺ in the ambient air and their sources signature (e.g., agricultural vs. fossil fuel), and isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ in urban atmosphere. This study highlights that collecting sample that are fully representative of emission sources remains a challenge in fingerprinting δ¹⁵N(NH₃) values of NH₃ emission sources. Furthermore, isotopic fractionation during NH₃ gas-to-particle conversion under varying ambient field conditions (e.g., relative humidity, particle pH, temperature) remains unclear, which indicates more field and laboratory studies to validate theoretically predicted isotopic fractionation are required. Thus, this study concludes that lack of refined δ¹⁵N(NH₃) fingerprints and full understanding of isotopic fractionation during aerosol formation in a laboratory and field conditions is a limitation for isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃. More experimental work (in chamber studies) and theoretical estimations in combinations of field verification are necessary in characterizing isotopic fractionation under various environmental and atmospheric neutralization conditions, which would help to better interpret isotopic data and our understanding on NH_x (NH₃ + NH₄⁺) dynamics in the atmosphere.     

我国大气环境毒理学研究新进展

对大气环境中重要污染物的毒理学作用及其机制方面的文献进行综述。首先,总结了细颗粒物(PM2.5)和纳米颗粒物对呼吸系统和心血管系统毒理学作用及其机理方面的研究;然后,评述了二氧化硫(SO2)对基因表达的影响及内源性SO2生理作用方面的研究,提出SO2既是一种全身性毒物,又是一种新型信号分子的新观点;对大气环境致癌物,特别是有关苯并芘致癌作用分子机制的研究进行讨论;对大气中臭氧和光化学烟雾对健康影响的研究作了评述;最后,对室内空气污染物尤其是甲醛的毒性作用及其机理方面的最新研究进行了评论。     

调控博物馆微环境的新型甲醛吸附剂的研制

近年来的研究表明,博物馆中馆藏的文物,包括金属、多孔的石器、陶瓷等都受到了甲酸的腐蚀,而这种腐蚀都是由室内污染气体之一的甲醛氧化而引起的。因此研制一种应用于常温无光照的博物馆微环境中的甲醛吸附剂是很有必要的。研制了三种壳聚糖负载MnO2-CeO2的复合型甲醛吸附剂,并对其进行了性能和XRD、BET表征。结果表明:三种吸附材料具有不同的甲醛吸附能力。在最佳配比下制得的壳聚糖甲醛吸附剂6 h后能将环境箱中甲醛浓度由1 340 mg/m3降为169 mg/m3,甲醛吸附量为3.018 mg/g,净化率达87.4%。     

公路隧道实验调查交通来源空气污染方法

采用公路隧道实验方法来调查交通来源空气的污染,笔者在中国北方和南方公路隧道内进行了气态污染物和大气颗粒物的监测,气态污染物和大气颗粒物为多点位同步监测,气态污染物包括CO,SO₂,NO_x和VOCs等,大气颗粒物包括TSP,PM₁₀,PM_2.5和粒径浓度谱分布等.同时,还调查和分析了隧道内机动车流量、能见度和气象因子.利用上述分析和测定结果,可以综合地研究交通来源污染及其对环境的影响.      

新型填充式空气净化器净化甲醛效果与计算模拟

针对室内空气低浓度甲醛污染,设计填充附着纳米二氧化钛玻璃珠(3 mm)空气净化器,并在密闭房间内对其净化效果进行实验分析.结果表明,甲醛仞始浓度为0.727～1.815 mg/m3时,甲醛减少87.0%～93.8%,并建立了该空气净化器的反应速率方程.通过计算模拟,证实了净化器单个装置空气分布的均匀性.此外,还根据质量平衡建立了有甲醛持续释放污染房间内应用空气净化器后,甲醛浓度变化的数学模型,并通过实验验证了模拟结果的正确性.结果表明,间歇性应用此空气净化器可维持室内甲醛浓度低于国家空气质量标准0.1 mg/m3.     

SBA-15介孔分子筛负载金属酞菁催化氧化甲醛

采用浸渍法将钴或铁酞菁组装进有序介孔材料SBA-15中,通过XRD和N₂吸附方法对组装体进行了表征,研究了常温常压下,该组装体催化氧化甲醛的活性.结果表明,组装体具有优良的处理甲醛性能.钴酞菁比铁酞菁组装体的催化氧化活性高;钴和铁酞菁的协同作用使组装体具有更强的催化氧化活性,当二者摩尔比为1:1时,催化氧化活性最高;并借鉴金属酞菁处理有机巯醇的原理探讨了金属酞菁催化氧化甲醛的原理.     

轻型汽油车稳态工况下的尾气排放特征

选取不同排放标准的127辆轻型汽油客车和10辆轻型汽油货车为研究对象,利用便携式车载测试系统(portable emission measurement system, PEMS)结合台架稳态工况(acceleration simulation mode, ASM),探究了不同工况与车辆参数对轻型汽油车气态污染物二氧化碳(CO_2)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、碳氢化合物(HC)和甲烷(CH_4)排放的影响.结果表明,轻型汽油车气态污染物在怠速工况下的排放率较低,仅为加速工况和匀速工况的22.9%和25.8%.污染物排放特征与工况密切相关,CO_2和NO_x在加速工况时的排放率小于匀速工况,而CO、HC和CH_4在加速工况时的排放率却大于匀速工况.在低速稳态下,轻型汽油客车和轻型汽油货车CO_2、CO、NO_x、HC和CH_4的排放因子分别为383.20、 2.98、 1.60、 0.14和0.03 g·km~(-1)和360.66、 2.64、 1.61、 0.005 5和0.002 7 g·km~(-1).排放标准的加严带来了明显减排效果,CO、NO_x、HC和CH_4的排放因子从国Ⅰ～国Ⅴ分别下降了87.5%、 97.3%、 97.9%和86.4%.车龄、行驶里程和基准质量与车辆污染物的排放存在非线性关系,发动机排量与机动车的尾气污染物的排放呈正相关.