气态污染物的生物净化技术及应用

生物法净化废气通常可分为生物洗涤,生物过滤及生物滴滤等几种形式,不同组成及浓度的废气有其各自合适的生物净化方式,与传统的吸收,吸附及焚烧法相比,生物法净化废气具有费用低,无二次污染等特点。     

冬季降雪过程对城市大气气态汞污染的影响

2009年降雪和非降雪期间对北京西北城区的气态总汞浓度进行了连续采样,比较了降雪期间、非降雪期间的气态总汞浓度日变化过程;降雪期间气态总汞浓度的降低和恢复过程。结果表明,降雪和非降雪期间大气气态总汞浓度的日均值有显著差异,降雪期间气态总汞的平均浓度为5．64ng·m^-3,非降雪期间的平均浓度为7．43ng·m^-3,前者约为后者的70％。降雪后约7h气态总汞浓度恢复到降雪前水平。研究中分析了气象因素（气压、风速、阵风速度、气温和相对湿度）对于气态总汞浓度的影响,结果表明：降雪期间主要受到风速（r=-0．527）和阵风速度（r=-0．574）的影响;非降雪期间主要受到风速（r=-0．691）,阵风速度（r=-0．726）和相对湿度（r=0．692）的影响,并且相对湿度的影响与风速的影响相近。降雪和非降雪期间气态总汞的日变化有所差异：非降雪期间气态总汞浓度在午夜和清晨较高,日变化趋势与相对湿度一致;降雪期间气态总汞的日变化没有明显规律。     

气态甲醛致雌性小鼠生殖细胞DNA-蛋白质交联的研究

为了研究气态甲醛对雌性小鼠生殖细胞的影响,以昆明雌性小鼠卵巢为实验材料,采取动态吸入式染毒方式,应用KCl-SDS沉淀法检测了气态甲醛染毒后所引起的小鼠卵巢生殖细胞DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)效应.结果表明,较低浓度的甲醛(0.5mg·m-3),即可导致明显的DPC效应(与对照相比,p<0.05),并且随着染毒浓度的升高(0.5、1.0、3.0mg·m-3),DPC系数也逐渐升高.上述结果表明在实验所设浓度范围内,甲醛对小鼠卵巢生殖细胞的DNA损伤可以引起DNA-蛋白质的交联,并且DPC系数随着染毒浓度的增大而增大.DNA-蛋白质交联是DNA分子的一种严重损伤,气态甲醛对雌性小鼠生殖细胞具有一定的影响.     

Carbonyl compound leaching from polyethylene terephthalate into bottled water under sunlight exposure

Polyethylene terephthalate bottles containing natural spring water were used to study the leaching effect of carbonyl compounds after one year storage under real conditions of exposure. Ultraviolet-B and ultraviolet-A spectra of direct sunlight were acquired during the experiment. Leaching of acetone, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde reached steady state after 210 days of outdoor storage, with the following concentrations: 434 ± 22, 345 ± 18, and 94 ± 5 µg/L, respectively. The increase due to sunlight exposure in comparison with laboratory storage in the dark was around 10%, 16%, and 36%. The leaching process of all three carbonyl compounds was found to follow the first-order kinetics. Photo-degradation of Polyethylene terephthalate bottles and the appearance of carboxyl end-groups were followed by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectra. After 313 days of storage under direct sunlight, new peaks appeared in the regions of 1770–1920 cm^?1 and 1685–1490 cm^?1. Cations, anions, total dissolved solids, pH, and conductivity were also measured during the storage period. Additionally, microbiological measurements as well as statistical analyses were also carefully discussed.     

甲醛对原癌基因c-myc、MDM2及抑癌基因p53的影响

为研究吸入性甲醛的毒性能否进入动物骨髓组织,引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变,选择小鼠某些原癌基因和抑癌基因为研究对象,以SPF级balb/c雄性小鼠为材料,采用动态吸入方式染毒2周(5+2模式),染毒浓度分别为0, 0.5, 3.0mg/m3,用半定量RT-PCR方法检测不同浓度甲醛对小鼠染毒后骨髓组织细胞中c-myc、MDM2和p53基因表达的变化.结果表明,在不同浓度的甲醛暴露条件下,与空白对照组相比,小鼠骨髓组织中的c-myc基因,MDM2基因和p53基因表达均发生改变,在3.0mg/m3浓度组与空白对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05), c-myc基因,MDM2基因呈现表达上调,p53基因则呈现表达下调.吸入性甲醛的毒性能进入动物骨髓组织,并能引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变.     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

UV185+254nm辐照下MnOx-TiO2分解甲醛与臭氧的机理

为提高185nm真空紫外光下甲醛与副产物臭氧的分解效率,以MnOx-TiO2复合催化剂取代TiO2光催化剂,发现甲醛与臭氧的转化率分别从44.7%和38.7%提高到77.5%和96.8%.研究比较了真空紫外光下和暗态下(加臭氧)甲醛与臭氧在MnOx-TiO2催化剂上的分解性能,及UV254nm下光催化分解甲醛的效率.结果表明,真空紫外光下气相活性氧物种的氧化与MnOx表面的臭氧催化氧化过程是甲醛分解的主要途径,而MnOx-TiO2上光催化氧化甲醛效率很低;副产物臭氧主要于MnOx表面活性位上由热催化分解.用真空紫外光辐照MnOx-TiO2催化剂,可提高MnOx催化分解臭氧的稳定性.     

室内甲醛检测方法及防治措施研究进展

介绍室内空气污染物甲醛的来源以及对人体健康造成的危害。探讨了现有室内甲醛污染物的检测方法,并对检测方法中存在的问题和应用条件的限制因素进行了讨论。为减少室内甲醛对人体健康造成的危害,提出了八种降解室内甲醛污染物的防治方法,并重点介绍了光催化氧化降解室内空气中甲醛的作用机理。提出了对检测方法和防治措施中存在问题的改进。改进检测方法和改良治理措施以及对装饰材料的选择是减少室内空气甲醛对人体健康造成危害的有效途径。     

犀浦校区室内空气中甲醛污染现状

为保证西南交通大学犀浦校区广大学生和教师有一个安全健康的学习和工作环境,避免受到室内环境污染的影响,在问卷调查的基础上,确定了具有代表性的室内甲醛监测点,进行了室内环境中的甲醛浓度监测。根据监测结果,从装饰装修工程、室内环境检测验收等方面提出了具体的要求和措施,可为犀浦校区后续建设提供指导。     

高频电容耦合等离子体净化甲醛废气的实验研究

设计了高频电容耦合等离子体甲醛气体处理实验装置,开展了高频电容耦合等 离子体甲醛气体处理实验研究.实验表明,甲醛去除率随着输入功率的增加而增加,随着甲醛 初始浓度、电极间距、反应管管径、系统压力和气体流量等减小,甲醛的去除率也相应减小 ,高频电容耦合等离子体处理甲醛气体,可使甲醛去除率在最佳条件下达97%.