上海市郊春季臭氧及其前体物观测研究

利用上海市郊金山环境监测站沿海站点2007年春季的逐时臭氧浓度及其前体物的观测数据,分析了臭氧浓度的时间变化规律,以及海风和陆风对臭氧和其前体物(NO、NO2和CO)浓度的影响.结果表明,臭氧浓度总体较高,共有10日出现臭氧浓度超标,表现出了比较明显的春季高峰现象;臭氧浓度的日变化表现出了受污染地区的典型特征,而NO和...     

春季华东高山背景区域PM2.5和PM2.5~10中水溶性无机离子特征

为了探讨华东高山背景区域春季颗粒物中水溶性组分的特征,2014年3月至5月在国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站采集PM2.5及PM2.5~10样品,获取了水溶性无机离子组分,并同步收集气象因子及SO2、NO2、O3、PM10和PM2.5等污染物质量浓度数据.结果表明,春季武夷山背景点PM2.5和PM2.5~10中水溶性无机离子总浓度分别为(8.3±2.8)μg·m-3和(1.3±0.9)μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5和PM2.5~10质量浓度的(43.7±7.5)%和(24.4±6.4)%.SO2-4占PM2.5质量浓度百分比最高,为(32.4±6.3)%;NO-3占PM2.5~10质量浓度百分比最高,为(8.9±3.7)%.春季武夷山背景点硫酸盐主要存在于细颗粒物中,且以(NH4)2SO4和K2SO4的形式存在,粗颗粒中的硝酸盐则主要以Mg(NO3)2的形式存在.春季武夷山背景点水溶性无机离子主要来源于沙尘、海盐及高污染区域的远距离输送.     

2015年北京城区大气PM2.5中NH4+、NO3-、SO42-及前体气体的污染特征

2015年1~12月对北京市城区开展PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性离子NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)(统称SNA)及其前体气体NH_3、NO、NO_2和SO_2的监测,共获得样本325组.用特氟龙滤膜采集PM_(2.5)中SNA,用在线仪器实时监测各前体气体.分析各前体气体和SNA的污染特征并同时对其相关性进行研究.观测期间NH_3、NO、NO_2、SO_2、NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的年平均浓度分别为21.5、17.7、54.3、14.2、8.1、13.5和12.7μg·m~(-3),SNA质量浓度占PM_(2.5)的43.4%.NO、NO_2和SO_2冬季最高,夏季最低;NH_3为夏季最高,秋冬较低;NH_4~+浓度和体积分数四季波动不大;NO_3~-浓度和体积分数均夏季最低;SO_4~(2-)浓度为冬季最高,百分含量为夏季最大.全年([NO_3~-]+2[SO_4~(2-)])与NH_4~+的比值为0.97,表明阴离子主要以NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的形式存在.随着污染程度的增加,各化合物浓度均有明显上升,NO_3~-是重污染过程累积效应比较明显且贡献率最大的离子.SO_4~(2-)则在污染级别较低时,贡献率较大.NO_3~-与NO_2,NO、NH_4~+与NH_3,SO_4~(2-)与SO_2在置信度为0.01水平上均显著相关;SO_4~(2-)和SO_2变化规律呈负相关,NO_2和NO_3~-基本呈正相关,相比NH_3,NH_4~+浓度的高低受酸性气体NO_2、SO_2影响更大.     

热解碳微观结构调控与纳米压痕测试

目的研究前驱体种类对热解碳结构的影响及热解碳的性能。方法以甲烷为主要前驱体,添加5%丙烯,在碳布缝合预制体上进行沉积实验,对所得具有不同结构热解碳的样品进行纳米压痕测试。结果添加丙烯降低了实验温度,所得沉积效率仍高于纯甲烷,所得热解碳结构在不同时期有所差异。纤维束内部的热解碳结构对材料的整体性能影响较大,当纤维表面为ISO结构热解碳时,纤维束内硬度和模量偏高,分别为3.96 GPa和32.0 GPa,断裂模式为脆性断裂;当纤维表面为RL结构热解碳时,纤维束内的强度和模量偏低,分别为1.93 GPa和19.7 GPa,断裂模式为假塑性断裂。结论前驱体的种类对热解碳的结构影响较大,所得材料性能具有较大差异。     

饮用水中含氮消毒副产物三氯硝基甲烷的形成过程和影响因素

采用气相色谱/质谱法,选择甲基叔丁基醚为萃取剂,1,2-二溴丙烷为内标物,建立了含氮消毒副产物三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)的测定方法.以甲胺为前体物,考察了饮用水氯化消毒过程中三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)的生成过程及影响因素.结果表明,pH在碱性条件下TCNM的生成量比中性和酸性条件下高,TCNM的生成量随着pH的增大而逐渐提高.在投氯量2～8mmol·L-1的范围内,TCNM的生成量随着投氯量的增加而提高,当投氯量由8 mmol·L-1增加到12 mmol·L-1时,因自由氯的浓度较高,甲胺还通过其它路径发生反应生成了腈类和醛类,从而使TCNM的生成量降低.在甲胺投加量0.5～4 mmol·L-1的范围内,TCNM的生成量随着甲胺和氯胺的投加量的增加而提高.在10～30℃范围内,温度对甲胺生成TCNM的影响较明显,温度越高,TCNM的生成量越高.甲胺氯化形成TCNM的过程符合亲电反应的机制,HClO和ClO-可以作为亲电试剂进攻甲胺最终形成TCNM.     

Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

高藻期控制消毒副产物及其前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现在控制藻类的同时减少副产物生成量,比较了预氧化＋常规工艺、预氧化＋常规＋深度处理2类共7种组合工艺对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.试验结果表明,藻类是重要的前体物,在本试验原水中,藻类贡献了20%左右的卤乙酸和三卤甲烷前体物.气浮工艺是高藻期除藻的核心工艺,同时也可以去除一部分消毒副产物前体物.臭氧、高锰酸钾也有很好的杀藻效果和前体物去除效果.采用臭氧或高锰酸钾预氧化＋常规＋臭氧-活性炭工艺的组合对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除效果最佳.顺序氯化工艺比游离氯消毒减少卤乙酸生成量42.0%～45.9%,减少三卤甲烷生成量22.5%～71.4%.     

Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China

An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.     

履约对我国典型城市和偏远背景地区气态单质汞浓度和源区的影响研究

为了解我国城市和背景地区最新的气态单质汞（gaseous elemental mercury,GEM）水平,比较《关于汞的水俣公约》履约前后这些地区GEM来源和迁移规律的差异,本研究选择了1个城市监测站（淀山湖站）和1个背景监测站（哀牢山站）,于2021年分别进行了为期1个月的GEM监测,同时使用潜在源贡献因子计算分析两地GEM的来源,并与履约前的结果进行比对。位于长三角地区的淀山湖站GEM浓度降幅大于位于我国西南的哀牢山站GEM浓度降幅,表明针对我国工业排放源超低排放的改造,获得了显著的履约成效。相对履约前,两地GEM的可能源区和传输形式没有显著改变,人为源排放仍然是影响两地GEM浓度的主要因素。本研究结果表明随着履约工作的逐步推进,我国城市和背景地区的GEM仍有下降的可能,长期在这些站点开展大气汞监测,可以为汞履约成效评估提供有效的数据支撑。     

控制消毒副产物及前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现对消毒副产物的控制,比较了新开发的顺序氯化消毒工艺与传统氯消毒工艺在常规工艺、常规+深度处理工艺、预氧化+常规+深度处理工艺中对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.与传统的氯消毒相比,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以有效减少消毒副产物的生成量,THMs减少35.8%～77·0%,HAAs减少36·6%～54·8%;而且消毒进水水质越差,短时游离氯后转氯胺的消毒工艺就越有优势.对最简单的传统工艺进行顺序氯化消毒产生THMs和HAAs为18·51μg/L和19·25μg/L,低于采用最复杂工艺:预臭氧氧化+常规+臭氧-活性炭工艺进行传统氯消毒的副产物生成量(THMs19·40μg/L,HAAs24·70μg/L).对消毒副产物前体物去除和副产物控制有明显效果的前处理工艺是臭氧-活性炭工艺和预臭氧氧化.建议采用传统工艺的水厂改造时优先考虑顺序氯化消毒工艺和臭氧-活性炭工艺.