主成分和回归分析方法在大气臭氧预报的应用——以北京夏季为例

利用北京市区两个典型观测站的大气臭氧(O3)及前体物浓度观测资料和气象要素观测数据,分析了影响大气O3浓度各要素的相关性,并采用主成分分析和逐步回归方法构造大气O3浓度统计预报方程.结果表明,大气O3与前体物一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化氮(NO2)和气象要素呈现较好相关性;发现由于变量间共线性问题,逐步回归方法不能给出可接受的回归方程,而采用主成分分析和逐步回归方法相结合,可避免共线性问题,由前体物浓度和气象要素给出较好的北京大气O3浓度统计预报方程,可决系数R2分别为0.78(IAPs2007)、0.88(IRSAs2007)和0.64(IAPs2005),能够有效地预报O3浓度的变化情况.     

δ15N-stable isotope analysis of NHx: An overview on analytical measurements,source sampling and its source apportionment

• Challenges in sampling of NH₃ sources for d¹⁵N analysis are highlighted. • Uncertainties in the isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ are outlined. • Characterizing dynamic isotopic fractionation may reduce uncertainties of NH_x science. Agricultural sources and non-agricultural emissions contribute to gaseous ammonia (NH₃) that plays a vital role in severe haze formation. Qualitative and quantitative contributions of these sources to ambient PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter below 2.5 µm) concentrations remains uncertain. Stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N) of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ (δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺), respectively) can yield valuable information about its sources and associated processes. This review provides an overview of the recent progress in analytical techniques for δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺) measurement, sampling of atmospheric NH₃ and NH₄⁺ in the ambient air and their sources signature (e.g., agricultural vs. fossil fuel), and isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ in urban atmosphere. This study highlights that collecting sample that are fully representative of emission sources remains a challenge in fingerprinting δ¹⁵N(NH₃) values of NH₃ emission sources. Furthermore, isotopic fractionation during NH₃ gas-to-particle conversion under varying ambient field conditions (e.g., relative humidity, particle pH, temperature) remains unclear, which indicates more field and laboratory studies to validate theoretically predicted isotopic fractionation are required. Thus, this study concludes that lack of refined δ¹⁵N(NH₃) fingerprints and full understanding of isotopic fractionation during aerosol formation in a laboratory and field conditions is a limitation for isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃. More experimental work (in chamber studies) and theoretical estimations in combinations of field verification are necessary in characterizing isotopic fractionation under various environmental and atmospheric neutralization conditions, which would help to better interpret isotopic data and our understanding on NH_x (NH₃ + NH₄⁺) dynamics in the atmosphere.     

Characteristic Study of Ambient Air Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) Concentrations During Rainy and Non-Rainy Periods at a Traffic Site in Taiwan

This investigation studied the concentrations of ambient air total gaseous mercury (TGM) during the rainy periods at the Hung-Kuang traffic sampling site in central Taiwan from May 26 to June 16, 2014. The results were compared with those of a previous study for ambient air TGM during non-rainy daytime and nighttime periods at the Hung-Kuang traffic sampling site, which was conducted during March 21 to July 20, 2012. The observed mean concentration of ambient air TGM was 1.16 ng/m³ during the rainy periods at the Hung-Kuang traffic sampling site. The mean ambient air TGM concentrations were higher in the non-rainy sampling period in daytime than in the rainy sampling period from this study. The mean ratio of non-rainy sampling period in daytime to that of rainy sampling period for ambient air TGM were 3.15. Furthermore, the mean ambient air TGM concentrations were higher in the non-rainy sampling period in nighttime in than in the rainy sampling period for this study. The mean rations for non-rainy sampling period in nighttime to that of the rainy sampling period for ambient air TGM were 2.70. The results obtained in this study also revealed that the ambient air TGM concentrations during the rainy period had the lowest concentrations when compared with the other sampling sites in other world regions.     

新型等离子体同时脱除多种烟气污染物净化系统

燃煤电厂烟气中各种污染物一般是混合在一起的,针对此实际情况将等离子体技术与传统静电除尘器相结合,改传统电除尘器电源为高压直流＋高频高压交流使之达到产生等离子体要求的电源,研制一种同时脱除烟气中PM2.5~PM10和多种气体污染物的新型烟气净化系统。该系统不仅可以同时脱除多种污染物,且不产生二次废弃物,其改造和运行费用均在接受范围内,因此是一种具有应用潜力的系统。     

介质阻挡放电处理气态污染物的研究进展

介质阻挡放电（DBD）由于具有分解效率高、能耗低、占地少等特点而逐渐成为研究的热点。介绍了DBD的特点、降解气态污染物的机理及发展历程;阐述了DBD单独处理、DBD-催化、DBD-紫外光、DBD-臭氧、DBD-湿式洗涤协同处理技术在气态污染物处理方面的研究进展;分析了DBD处理气态污染物的影响因素,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

地震能量辐射系数的测定与预报应用探索

本方法通过对区域地震体波振幅传播特征的研究并测定地震能量辐射系数企图得到中强震孕育的源兆信息。本文给出了方法的思路、介绍了参数的物理意义及正常理论值的估计。这一方法无论在目前模拟台网的观测条件下或将来数字观测台网建成之后均可方便、快捷使用。还对方法的使用误差、震例效果和存在问题进行了讨论。     

公路隧道实验调查交通来源空气污染方法

采用公路隧道实验方法来调查交通来源空气的污染,笔者在中国北方和南方公路隧道内进行了气态污染物和大气颗粒物的监测,气态污染物和大气颗粒物为多点位同步监测,气态污染物包括CO,SO₂,NO_x和VOCs等,大气颗粒物包括TSP,PM₁₀,PM_2.5和粒径浓度谱分布等.同时,还调查和分析了隧道内机动车流量、能见度和气象因子.利用上述分析和测定结果,可以综合地研究交通来源污染及其对环境的影响.      

微污染水源水中消毒副产物前体物的去除

采用生物接触氧化法对北京某水库的微污染水源水中消毒副产物前体物的去除进行了研究。结果表明,水源水和生物接触氧化柱(简称生化柱)出水中的消毒副产物前体物氯化后形成的消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)以CHCl3,CHCl2Br和CHBr2Cl为主,其中CHCl3含量最高,约占THMs的70％。水温对THMs前体物的去除有很大的影响,水温15．8℃时,生化柱对THMs前体物的去除率为65．2％;当水温由15．8℃降至12．8℃时,THMs前体物的去除率由65．2％降至18．8％。2002年11月至2003年1月间,生化柱UV254吸收值的平均去除率为11％。     

自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷研究

对自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷形成进行了试验研究 ,二氧化氯预消毒替代预氯化消毒可以降低水中的三氯甲烷 ,预消毒处理后形成三氯甲烷的反应受温度和反应时间的影响。使用二氧化氯与氯配制的混合消毒剂消毒时 ,随二氧化氯含量增加 ,水中的三氯甲烷将明显减少。     

天津市环境空气恶臭污染状况与典型气态污染物识别

以天津市中心城区和典型工业区为重点调查区域,通过网格法布设40个采样点,共采集不同季节的环境空气样品近1 300个. 采用嗅觉测定法、分光光度法和GC-MS分别测定恶臭感官浓度、NH₃和其他气态污染物的组成及浓度. 结果表明:①天津市环境臭气浓度介于0~90之间,中心城区和工业区臭气浓度水平相当. 夏季臭气浓度<10的样品最多,占总样品量的42%,春季超过85%的样品臭气浓度>20,秋季超过70%的样品臭气浓度>20,说明春、秋两季环境恶臭污染较为严重. ②NH₃是检出率最高的恶臭物质. 天津市夏、秋、春三季ρ(NH₃)平均值分别为0.070、0.058和0.060 mg/m3,各类功能区中居住区和混合区的ρ(NH₃)较高. ③秋季H₂S的检出较为普遍,ρ(H₂S)在0.006 4~0.220 0 mg/m3之间,中心城区和工业区的ρ(H₂S)平均值分别为0.014 0和 0.023 0 mg/m3,最高值出现在工业区. 以物质浓度、嗅阈值和检出率为评估参数,通过分级赋值和多参数综合评分筛选出10种典型气态污染物,分别为NH₃、CS₂、苯、甲苯、间二甲苯、乙苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、乙醇、丙酮和异戊二烯;建立了臭气浓度与这10种污染物浓度的多元线性回归方程,该方程具有良好的统计学意义和相关性(P<0.05,R=0.78),表明这些气态化合物是影响城市空气恶臭感官污染的重要因素.