Updraft gasification of juniper wood biomass using CO2–O2 and Air (N2–O2)

Biomass gasification is being considered as one of the most promising technologies for converting low-quality solid biomass fuel into gaseous fuel. Redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii), one of the woody species that dominate uncultivated lands in the southern great plains, USA, may have a great potential for bioenergy utilization. In this study, the results of gasification of juniper are presented. Juniper wood chips were gasified in an adiabatic fixed bed updraft gasifier using air and the mixture gas of carbon dioxide and oxygen (CO₂:O₂) as gasification medium. The effect of gasification parameters such as moisture contents, gasification mediums, and gasification temperature on produced gas properties and the tar yield were investigated. It was observed that oxy fuel gasification (the reaction of woody fuels with carbon dioxide) of juniper resulted in the increase of production of carbon monoxide, especially at higher peak gasification temperatures. As a result, the CO₂ gasification resulted in producing higher heating value gas (6264 kJ/nm³ with dilution of CO₂ and 19,750 kJ/nm³ inert free) compared to air gasification. For air gasification, it was observed that the updraft gasification produced large amount of the tar in the product gas (more than 100 g/nm³) for the fuels with moisture content between 6% and 11%. Generally, the tar yield increased with the increase of equivalence ratio (er) and moisture content. However, when the fuel moisture content reached 23.5%, the tar yield reduced significantly due low gasification temperature which reduced the less tar cracking.     

活性焦吸附—曝气生物滤池处理煤气化废水生化出水

采用活性焦吸附—曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺对煤气化废水生化出水进行深度处理。在活性焦投加量2 g/L、吸附时间2 h、BAF生化停留时间4 h的条件下,总COD去除率为85.4%,最终出水平均COD为45.2 mg/L,满足后续双膜法回用工艺要求（COD≤50 mg/L）。活性焦对致色的大分子有机物具有较好的吸附效果,吸附后废水的色度从300倍降至60倍,同时耗氧速率加快,可生化性提高。活性焦的吸附以物理吸附为主,吸附出水没有急性毒性。三维荧光光谱显示：各单元对于酚类的去除均有贡献,小分子组分中的酚类几乎全被去除。     

废弃印刷线路板熔融盐气化特性研究

在熔融盐气化炉中进行废弃印刷线路板气化实验,考察了空气当量比对气体产率、气体热值、碳转化率以及气化效率的影响,并对N2气氛下线路板在熔融盐反应器中裂解液体产物通过气质联用仪进行了分析.结果表明,气体产率和碳转化率随着空气当量比增加而增加,空气当量比增加到40%时,气体产率和碳转化率分别达到840 mL·g-1和96%;气体产物热值随着空气当量比增加而减少,气化效率随着空气当量比的增加先增加然后减少,在20%空气当量比气化效率达到最大值94%.液体产物的主要成分为苯酚、2-甲基苯酚、萘等,表明线路板在熔融盐气化炉内的反应过程中,苯环结构上的长链烷烃脂肪烃支链得到脱除,苯基C6H5-O的断裂得到加强,同时发生芳构化反应.     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

Experimental study on MSW gasification and melting technology

In order to develop municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and melting technology, two preliminary experiments and a principle integrated experiment were fulfilled respectively. The gasification characteristics of MSW are studied at 500-750℃ when equivalence ratio (ER) was 0.2-0.5 using a fluidized-bed gasifier. When temperature was 550-700℃ and ER was 0.2-0.4, low heat value (LHV) of syngas reaches 4000-12000 kJ/Nm3. The melting characteristics of fly ash were investigated at 1100-1460℃ using a fixed-bed furnace. It was proved that over 99.9% of dioxins could be decomposed and most heavy-metals could be solidified when temperature was 1100-1300℃. The principle integrated experiment was carried out in a fluidized-bed gasification and swirl-melting system. MSW was gasified efficiently at 550-650℃, swirl-melting furnace maintains at 1200-1300℃ stably and over 95% of fly ash could be caught by the swirl-melting furnace. The results provided much practical experience and basic data to develop MSW gasification and melting technology.     

固体添加剂对煤气化过程中痕量元素的控制研究

基于改进的地球化学富集因子(MGEF),采用氢化物发生器和原子荧光光谱法联用(HD-AFS)和电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了原煤和气化产生的灰焦中AS、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Hg、Pb、V、Se、Sr、Zn12种痕量元素含量,研究了石灰石、白云石、碳酸钠3种固体添加剂对痕量元素的控制规律,发现不同添加剂对痕量元素具有不同的抑制效果．向煤中添加石灰石和白云石后,几乎所有痕量元素在灰焦中的MGEF都增加．石灰石分解形成的CaO对AS、Co、Cr、Se、Zn的吸附既有物理吸附,也有化学吸附;对Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、V、Sr的吸附主要是物理吸附,并且CaO对Cd、Cu、V的吸附能力大于Hg、Pb、Sr．白云石对AS、Co、Cr、Hg、Pb、V、Zn的抑制效果比石灰石好,但对Cu、Se、Sr抑制效果不及石灰石．向煤中添加碳酸钠后,灰焦中AS、Cd、Cr、Pb、Se的MGEF减少,Zn的MGEF增加,Co、Cu、Hg、V、Sr的MGEF变化不大．     

Fe3+、PO43-在煤气化废水处理中的应用

针对煤气化废水的特点,通过投加Fe3 、PO43-的方法来强化多阶段水解-好氧工艺处理煤气化废水的能力,不加Fe3 、PO43-时,CODcr总去除率为78 88%,出水CODcr仍高达931mg/l,当投加Fe3 、PO43-后,出水CODcr降到245mg/l,去除率达到93 93%。     

超滤膜深度处理煤制气废水的化学清洗研究

用实验室自制超滤膜系统深度处理煤制气废水。采用扫描电镜和能谱分析比较了质量为一定浓度均为0．5％的NaC10溶液（有效氯为5％）、NaOH溶液,HCl溶液对污染膜丝内表面滤饼层的静态浸泡效果。为进一步确定不同清洗剂的化学清洗效果,选用质量浓度为0．25％的NaOH溶液和0．25％的NaCl0溶液对污染膜组件进行了手动化学清洗并通过过滤纯水确定清洗效率。结果显示,NaC10溶液和NaOH溶液对滤饼层分别具有溶解和剥离作用,从而对滤饼层起到了去除作用;能谱分析显示采用这两种清洗剂后的膜丝内表面元素组成与原膜较为接近,SEM分析则显示二者在去除滤饼层的同时对膜袁面性状均有一定程度的改变;而经HCl溶液浸泡后的膜丝滤饼层未见去除,能谱分析显示此时膜丝内表面的元素组成与原膜有显著差异。手动化学清洗结果进一步显示,0．25％的NaCl0溶液对膜组件的清洗效率可达到97％。     

Analysis and assessment of a critical event during an underground coal gasification experiment

The main goal of the study presented in this paper was to analyse the mechanisms affecting an Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) process and to identify possible deviations of the system from normal work to limit, or even avoid, losses. The UCG process is one of the most innovative technologies connected with the exploitation of coal deposits that are currently being tested and developed all around the world. It allows the conversion of a coal seam into gas under in situ conditions of high temperature with the use of gasifying agents such as air, oxygen, steam or with a mixture of them.The paper presents the results of the analysis and assessment of a critical event during the process: a dangerous gas accumulation that occurred during an underground coal gasification experiment in the Experimental Mine “Barbara” of the Central Mining Institute (Poland). The UCG experiment using the shaft method is described, together with its monitoring system and the problems that appeared during the process. The application of the Fault Tree Methodology allowed the establishment of the main factors that may lead to the explosion and to present possible scenarios of its occurrence.Moreover, calculations were carried out to evaluate the risk level of explosion for the gas mixture and the minimum level of oxygen in the mixture that is necessary to initiate an explosion. These calculations were based on a modification of the formula proposed by Le Chatelier. During the course of the underground experiment, original information of the process behaviour has been acquired that can be used in the preparation of other UCG experiments in operational mines to guarantee the safety and the stability of the process.     

理生物滤池-活性污泥法处理生物质煤气废水的工程应用

将生物滤池与活性污泥池串联形成一个生化处理系统,生物质煤气洗涤废水经过预处理后,采用ASBRO和AO1O2两种联合工艺进行处理,着重考察了系统对生物质煤气洗涤废水CODCr、NH+4N的降低效果。采用ASBRO工艺,CODCr的去除率平均达到85.4%,NH+4N平均去除率为33.5%;采用AO1O2工艺,CODCr的去除率平均达到78.2%。NH+4N平均去除率为22.7%。