Fingerprinting of Gasoline and Coal Tar NAPL Volatile Hydrocarbons Dissolved in Groundwater

Accidental spills and chronic leaks of fuel oil or other hydrocarbon material (e.g., coal tar) often result in subsurface accumulation of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), which can be a subsequent source of contamination in groundwater. Linking hydrocarbons in groundwater to a source NAPL has been difficult when using standard target analytes (e.g., BTEX) because of differences in partitioning properties of the analytes between the source NAPL and groundwater. Because aqueous solubility is predicted to be the controlling influence in the partitioning of hydrocarbons from NAPL to groundwater, a solubility-based approach to matching dissolved hydrocarbons in groundwater to their source NAPL has been developed and validated for two sites with commonly encountered types of NAPL contamination. Specifically, a gasoline LNAPL and a coal tar DNAPL from two separate sites (West Virginia and California) and groundwater interfaced with these NAPLs were analyzed for approximately 50 gasoline-range hydrocarbons consisting of paraffin, isoparaffin, (mono-) aromatic, naphthene, and olefin compounds (PIANO). Solubility characteristics of selected alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons from the PIANO analysis were used to identify a set of diagnostic hydrocarbons, expressed as hydrocarbon ratios, which were found to be useful in distinguishing the source(s) of hydrocarbons in groundwater. At the West Virginia site, the diagnostic ratios in a downgradient groundwater sample were similar to those of a gasoline NAPL at that site, indicating the source of hydrocarbons to the groundwater was the upgradient gasoline NAPL. The diagnostic ratios of the groundwater in contact with the gasoline NAPL and the remote groundwater were also similar, providing evidence that the diagnostic ratios were retained during transport in the aquifer. At the California site, diagnostic ratios in a cross-gradient groundwater sample differed from those of the coal tar NAPL at that site, indicating that the remote groundwater hydrocarbons did not originate from the coal tar contamination. Environmental factors such as selective degradation of specific isomers and various geological conditions (e.g., soil mineralogy, and organic content) may confound the application of this solubility-based fingerprinting approach. Thus, it is recommended that multiple diagnostic pairs be simultaneously evaluated when considering this fingerprinting approach for specific sites and product types.     

汽车音响行业的环境试验方法

本文通过介绍汽车音响产品的环境应力和故障模式,对环境试验的流程和方法进行了描述。并通过引用国内外相关环境试验标准,对环境试验在汽车音响产品上的应用进行了分析和举例。     

Comprehensive Environmental Investigation at Former Industrial/Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Sites in Long Beach,CA: A Forensic Perspective

Two industrial sites were investigated based on years of available hydrogeologic information and monitoring data for soil and groundwater. Collected data were forensically evaluated using age-dating and fingerprinting methods. The previous business uses of the project sites were as a gas station, laundry/dry-cleaning service, and car wash with petroleum underground storage tanks (USTs). As a result, these sites were exposed to a number of toxic contaminants at relatively high concentrations. Source control was necessary for successful remediation and the ultimate removal of the remaining compounds from these industrial sites. Although contaminated soil around the source was excavated during the remedial action and the high concentrations of contaminants were reduced, typical groundwater contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons as gasoline (TPH-G), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and oxygenates including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) were persistently found at the studied sites around the source points. The plume and concentration of contaminants had changed their shapes and strength for all monitoring periods. Thus, additional source control seems to be a requirement for the complete removal of source contamination, which must be ascertained with groundwater and soil monitoring on a regular time base. For the study sites, monitored natural attenuation was relatively feasible for the long-term plan; however, it did not offer a perfect remediation solution for an ultimate goal because of residual toxic compounds that might have affected the surrounding residential areas at higher concentrations than their health limits. Therefore, as a remediation strategy, the combination of clean-up technology and natural attenuation with monitoring activities are more highly recommended than either clean-up or natural attenuation used separately.     

车内空气污染及控制

近年来,人们越来越关注车内空气污染。但人们对车内空气污染的了解甚少。本文就车内空气污染的污染源、污染物、健康影响、治理措施,相关标准等一系列问题,作系统论述。     

废塑料处理技术进展与展望

文章介绍了解决废塑料污染的几种方法,分析了目前我国废塑料回收利用技术的现状,并介绍作者在这方面进行的一些新的研究工作：（1）使用自制的催化剂完成了聚烯烃类塑料催化热解回收燃料油的小试,获得了较好的效果;（2）通过实验对发泡聚苯乙烯热解回收苯乙烯单体的工艺流程提出了优化操作条件。根据国内外实际,文章最后对废塑料回收利用提出了几点建议。     

Physical Modeling of Emissions from Naturally Ventilated Underground Parking Garages

The dispersion of pollutants from naturally ventilated underground parking garages has been studied in a boundary layer wind tunnel. Two idealized model setups have been analysed, one was simulating pollutant dispersion around an isolated rectangular building and one was representing dispersion in a finite array of idealized building blocks. Flow and dispersion close to modelled ground level emission sources was measured. The results illustrate the complexity of the flow around buildings and provide insight in pollutant transport from ground level sources located directly on building surfaces. As a result, areas critical with respect to high pollutant concentrations could be visualized. Particularly, the results show high concentration gradients on the surface of the buildings equipped with modelled emission sources. Inside the boundary layers on the building walls, a significant amount of pollutants is transported to upwind locations on the surface of the building. The paper documents the potential of physical modelling to be used for the simulation and measurement of dispersion close to emission sources and within complex building arrangements.     

利用空气自动监测车仪器对空气自动监测站仪器进行质量保证及质量控制的可行性分析

通过对辖区内空气自动监测车仪器与4家公司空气自动监测站仪器的比对分析,得出了空气自动监测车仪器与空气自动监测站仪器的PM10、SO2、NO2相对误差分别为:-32.8%、4.4%、-8.7%,仪器之间显现出良好的线性关系,从比对结果来看,利用空气自动监测车对空气自动监测站进行质量保证和质量控制是可行的.     

一起倾倒汽油导致的静电燃爆事故分析

分析了深圳龙岗发生的一起燃爆事故,疑因不规范操作产生的静电放电引起。针对GB12158对该类操作提出的要求,开展相关试验研究。塑料桶加注16 L汽油的过程中,塑料桶上的静电电位最高为4.7 kV。塑料桶与聚四氟乙烯板间相互摩擦,塑料桶上的最高电位为9.4 kV。不接地金属桶加注16 L汽油的过程中,金属桶上的最高电位为-15.4 kV。汽油加注过程中,不接地金属滤网上的最高电位为-1.91 kV。以上3种操作产生的静电皆可能引发静电放电,通过分析,深圳龙岗事故是由静电放电引发。     

对一起汽车槽车装车过程中发生闪燃着火事件的分析

利用故障树分析(FTA)对汽车槽车装车过程中引起的闪燃着火事件进行了分析,针对中转油站存在的安全隐患提出整改措施.     

活性炭吸附回收高含量油气的研究

利用3种活性炭吸附分离汽油蒸汽和空气的混合气,研究了其吸附回收油气的动力学、热力学性能.活性炭ACl、AC3在20℃时的吸附容量分别为0.295 g/g、0.189 g/g,30 ℃时为0.284 g/g、0.165 g/g.活性炭吸附高含量油气时,吸附热高,如吸附油气摩尔分数为0.3 mol/mol时,吸附床温升达50～60 ℃.活性炭导热系数为0.15～0.20 W/m·℃,吸附过程可视为绝热吸附.建立了活性炭吸附油气热效应估算式,可用来评价活性炭吸附容量、进料油气摩尔分数、油气回收率与活性炭温升的关系.活性炭解吸宜先采取真空解吸,在解吸后期适当加入微量微热空气吹扫而深度脱附.解吸操作压力应低于1 kPa,解吸时间可控制在60 min内,热空气温度宜控制在50℃以下.油气吸附分离方法将主要用作其他分离方法的深度处理,以确保油气回收设备尾气达标排放.