超声萃取法处理含油污泥

应用超声强化技术,对以汽油为萃取剂的超声萃取法处理含油污泥的工艺进行了研究,筛选了调整剂、絮凝剂、破乳剂,探讨了萃取温度、萃取时间、超声频率、超声功率等对处理效果的影响。结果表明:在调整剂为采油废水、物料配比为v(萃取剂)∶v(调整剂)∶v(油污泥)=4∶4∶1的条件下,萃取工艺为萃取温度40℃、萃取时间15 min、超声频率40kHz、超声功率150 W时,可回收含油污泥中83.7%的油品。     

某油田加油站作业人员职业健康状况分析

从加油站作业人员接触的主要职业病危害因素入手,重点对加油站油气防护设施、个人防护用品、工作制度等进行职业卫生现场调查,同时,根据对作业人员职业性健康检查结果和作业场所空气中汽油及苯的浓度检测结果,分析加油站作业人员的健康状况和长期接触成品汽油对作业人员健康的影响。结果表明,加油站人员作业过程中接触的汽油及苯系物对员工健康可能构成危害,但若加强职业健康监护及个体防护,就能有效预防汽油及苯系物所带来的职业危害。     

Comparative study on consumption behaviors in private car markets between large and medium–small cities in China

With the economic development and the acceleration of motorization in China, the number of private cars increases rapidly in urban areas. However, the limit of urban resources and the contradiction between traffic supply and demand are increasingly prominent in large cities, while private car consumption has been a new “light” in medium and small cities. Consumers’ behaviors differ from region to region. Aiming at the above problems, we formulate structural equation modeling and carry out empirical research. In this paper, a comparative study about the main influential factors that affect the consumption of private cars in large and small cities in China is made, and it is hoped that some guidance for policy recommendations can be obtained.     

双排气管车辆排气取样检测研究

双排气管汽油车进行尾气检测时,环保监管部门的监管要求与环保尾气检测机构的实际操作常存在分歧。对于双排气管汽油车究竟插入几个取样探头测试,才能准确、科学地检测出尾气中的含量浓度,从而对尾气检测结果做出公正准确的判断,从检测标准要求、比对实验方法验证、排气管构造图解析3个方面对该问题进行了讨论。     

Partitioning of aromatic and oxygenated constituents into water from regular and ethanol-blended gasolines

Variability in gasoline-water partitioning of major aromatic constituents (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) were examined for regular and ethanol-blended gasolines. By use of a two-phase liquid-liquid equilibrium model, the distribution of nonpolar solutes between fuel phase and water was related to principles of equilibrium. The models derived using Raoult's law convention for activity coefficients and liquid solubility is presented. The observed inverse log-log linear dependence of K_fw values on aqueous solubility, could be well predicted by assuming gasoline to be an ideal solvent mixture. Oxygenated additives (i.e., ethanol and MTBE), in the low percent range (below 5%), were shown to have minimal or negligible cosolvent effects on hydrocarbon partitioning. In the case of high fuel-to-water ratio (e.g., 1:1) or near contaminant source zone, the cosolvent effect of oxygenated gasoline with high content of ethanol (e.g., E85) will be environmentally significant.     

满足国六排放的缸内直喷汽油车污染物排放特性试验研究

以满足国六排放的某缸内直喷轻型汽油车为研究对象,试验研究了该车国六Ⅰ型测试循环(WLTC循环)排放的CO、THC、NOx和固态颗粒数量,以及包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量和粒径分布特性.结果表明:WLTC循环工况覆盖范围广、车速高、加速度大的特点导致污染物排放增加;车辆冷机起动、暖机过程、瞬态过渡工况和高速大负荷工况对车辆的污染物排放影响较大,研发合理的车辆起动、催化剂起燃和暖机热管理策略、提高发动机瞬态过渡工况响应性是控制排放的重点;包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量排放呈单峰分布,在15 nm附近达到峰值.     

液化石油气汽车罐车爆炸事故原因分析及预防

通过一起液化石油气汽车罐车的爆炸事故,分析出装卸软管在卸车过程中破裂是爆炸事故的主因,提出了有效预防措施。同时对汽车罐车的安全运行在使用管理方面提出了建议。     

活性炭吸附回收高含量油气的研究

利用3种活性炭吸附分离汽油蒸汽和空气的混合气,研究了其吸附回收油气的动力学、热力学性能.活性炭ACl、AC3在20℃时的吸附容量分别为0.295 g/g、0.189 g/g,30 ℃时为0.284 g/g、0.165 g/g.活性炭吸附高含量油气时,吸附热高,如吸附油气摩尔分数为0.3 mol/mol时,吸附床温升达50～60 ℃.活性炭导热系数为0.15～0.20 W/m·℃,吸附过程可视为绝热吸附.建立了活性炭吸附油气热效应估算式,可用来评价活性炭吸附容量、进料油气摩尔分数、油气回收率与活性炭温升的关系.活性炭解吸宜先采取真空解吸,在解吸后期适当加入微量微热空气吹扫而深度脱附.解吸操作压力应低于1 kPa,解吸时间可控制在60 min内,热空气温度宜控制在50℃以下.油气吸附分离方法将主要用作其他分离方法的深度处理,以确保油气回收设备尾气达标排放.     

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对环境的污染及其对我国汽油生产的影响

本文简要介绍了汽油添加剂MTBE对环境的污染及减少MTBE污染机理研究的进展 ,同时介绍了对我国汽油生产的影响     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定无铅汽油中铅

探讨了用石墨炉原子吸收法测定无铅汽油中的铅。系统地研究了测定波长、测定浓度对测定方法的影响。提出了高浓度石墨炉原子吸收法测定无铅汽油中铅的方法。铅的检出限为 0 .0 0 5 mg/L,相对标准偏差 ( RSD,n=1 1 )在 1 .9%～2 .0 %之间 ,加标回收率在 95 .5 %～ 99.5 %之间