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51.
Managing disposal of water produced with petroleum in Kuwait 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Disposal of water produced with petroleum has been of great interest in Kuwait for the last 20 years. The current problem arose when the Burgan oil field, which is the second largest field in the world, experienced successive increases in the water content of the produced oil. This study introduces a decision-making analysis of the considered alternatives for the disposal of the produced water. Four alternative solutions exist for the industry as practical solutions for the disposal of water produced in Kuwait. The first method utilizes a large number of pits to discharge water. The second alternative depends on discharging water into sealed pits. The third approach to dispose water is by injecting the water underground. The last method is similar to the previous one, but takes into consideration the recovery of reservoir pressure to maintain the rate of oil production. A questionnaire was distributed to 48 experts at the top management level of the petroleum companies and the governmental authority. The data collected considered cost, efficiency, and environmental parameters. Based on the data, a statistical analysis was conducted using the factor analysis method to reduce the number of investigated variables. The analysis concluded that the optimal solution is to use the effluent injection method to discharge water produced with oil in Burgan and similar fields in Kuwait. 相似文献
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微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定总氮和总磷 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以碱性过硫酸钾溶液为消解液,采用微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定水中总氮和总磷。在碱性过硫酸钾溶液中氢氧化钠质量浓度为9.6g/L、微波功率为320W、消解管长度为16m的条件下,总氮和总磷的检出限分别为0.040m g/L和0.020mg/L,线性范围分别为0.040~3.500mg/L和0.020~2.500mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.6%和1.0%。微波消解-流动注射分光光度法应用于河水、湖水、化工废水等实际水样中总氮和总磷的测定,加标回收率分别为95.7%~98.1%和97.2%~102.2%。 相似文献
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微波联合消解流动注射光度法测定水中总氮和总磷 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
利用微波联合消解水样,采用流动注射分析技术,建立了在线测定水中总氮和总磷的快速分析方法.优化了试验条件,在线性范围内,总氮和总磷的工作曲线线性关系良好,检出限分别为0.03 mg/L和0.01 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.5%和1.2%,加标回收率分别为96.7%~103%和98.8%~102%. 相似文献
57.
Akira KONDO Esrom HAMONANGAN Satoshi SODA Akikazu KAGA Yoshio INOUE Masaharu EGUCHI Yuta YASAKA 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(6):709-713
Total suspended particulate mater (TSP) concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), bromine (Br), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (V) were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles. 相似文献
58.
Seyfi Polat Ahmet Uyumaz Emre Yilmaz Tolga Topgül H. Serdar Yücesu 《International Journal of Green Energy》2016,13(1):63-70
EGR is one of the most significant strategies for reducing especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from internal combustion engines. The thermal efficiency of spark ignition engines is lower than compression ignition engines because of its lower compression ratio. If the compression ratio is increased to obtain higher thermal efficiency, there may be a knocking tendency in spark ignition engines. EGR can be used in order to reduce NOx emissions and avoid knocking phenomena at higher compression ratios. In-cylinder temperature at the end of combustion is decreased and heat capacity of fresh charge is increased when EGR applied. Besides EGR, spark timing is another significant parameter for reducing exhaust emissions such as nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC). In this study the effects of EGR and spark timing on spark ignition engine were investigated numerically. KIVA codes were used in order to model combustion process. The combustion process has been modeled for a single cylinder, four stroke and gasoline direct injection (GDI) spark ignition engine. The results showed that in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate decrease as EGR ratio increase. In-cylinder pressure increases with the advancing of spark timing. Advancing spark timing increases the heat release rate and in-cylinder temperature. The simulation results also showed that EGR reduced exhaust gas temperature and NOx emissions. 相似文献
59.
Giorgio Zamboni Silvia Marelli Giulio Marmorato Massimo Capobianco 《International Journal of Green Energy》2016,13(5):481-488
A cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine was modified and instrumented in order to control operating conditions and to measure engine parameters and in-cylinder pressure diagrams. Aiming at the comparison of different alternative fuels, an experimental procedure was defined, including cetane number (CN) evaluation and the definition of engine operating quantities in different working points, for fixed levels of compression ratio (CR) and injection advance. An investigation was made considering several blends of methyl-esters of rapeseed oil (RME) and of a mix of vegetable oils (VOME) with conventional diesel oil. The defined experimental procedure was applied to assess CN, engine brake thermal efficiency (bte) and exhaust emissions. Results show that the biodiesel content has a positive influence on soot emissions, with strong reduction, while thermal efficiency and NOX emissions are negatively affected, which can be justified taking into account fuel properties and changes in combustion process. As observed outcomes are generally in line with those presented in literature, the facility proved to be a suitable tool for basic investigations on alternative fuels to be used in specific applications. 相似文献
60.
G. Suresh H. C. Kamath Mallikarjun Bhovi 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2016,9(3):206-214
Increased petroleum prices, increased threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for internal combustion engines. Evolving suitable technology for addressing energy crisis creates a continued investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. This work investigates suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cotton seed oil methyl ester (COME), Honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and Rubber seed oil methyl ester (RuOME) to four stroke, single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel blending, thermal barrier coating (TBC) or Low Heat Rejection (LHR) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and RuOME in the modified CI engine. Blends of biodiesels with diesel were varied from 20 to 80% in steps of 20%. Two thermal barrier coatings of partially stabilized zirconium (PSZ) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were provided on the engine to make it fully adiabatic. Nozzle injectors of 3, 4 and 5 holes, with size of orifice varied from 0.2 to 0.3 mm size were selected for the study. It was concluded that B20 biodiesel blend, PSZ-coated engine and four hole nozzle injector of 0.2 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced HC, CO, smoke emissions for the fuel combinations tested. Combustion analysis to study the effect of biodiesel blends, LHR coatings, injector nozzle geometry on the performance of the biodiesel-fuelled engine has been presented to give more insight into the behaviour of operation. 相似文献