碳添加对土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响——以松嫩平原盐碱耕地为例

采用高通量测序技术,研究秸秆、生物炭和纳米碳3种碳源添加对盐碱耕地土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,并分析土壤化学性质与固碳细菌群落多样性的关系.结果表明：3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落多样性,其中生物炭和纳米碳添加的土壤固碳细菌的Chao1指数、物种多样性、Shannon指数及系统多样性值均高于秸秆添加的.3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落的物种丰度,其中纳米碳添加的物种丰度大于秸秆和生物炭添加的.在群落组成方面及相对丰度上,3种碳源添加后的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）,均在纳米碳添加后相对丰度最高,分别为90.38%、57.79%.群落组间差异分析结果显示,秸秆和纳米碳添加后土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异显著.冗余分析结果表明,土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及有效磷的综合影响,其中土壤pH值和有效磷含量是影响土壤固碳细菌群落结构的主要化学性质.综合来看,在盐碱耕地中添加秸秆、生物炭或纳米碳,都抑制了土壤固碳细菌群落的多样性和物种丰度,但纳米碳能够增加土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异.     

Role of Genetic Refuges in the Restoration of Native Gene Pools of Brown Trout

Abstract:  Captive-bred animals derived from native, alien, or hybrid stocks are often released in large numbers in natural settings with the intention of augmenting harvests. In brown trout ( Salmo trutta ), stocking with hatchery-reared non-native fish has been the main management strategy used to maintain or improve depleted wild brown trout populations in Iberian and other Mediterranean regions. This measure has become a serious threat to the conservation of native genetic diversity, mainly due to introgressive hybridization. Aware of this risk, the agency responsible for management of brown trout in the eastern Pyrenees (Spain) created "brown trout genetic refuges" to preserve the integrity of brown trout gene pools in this region. Within refuge areas, the prerefuge status with respect to fishing activities has been maintained, but hatchery releases have been banned completely. We evaluated this management strategy through a comparison of the stocking impact on native populations that accounted for stocking histories before and after refuge designations and fishing activities. In particular we examined the relevant scientific, cultural, and political challenges encountered. Despite agency willingness to change fishery policies to balance exploitation and conservation, acceptance of these new policies by anglers and genetic monitoring of refuge populations should also be considered. To improve management supported by genetic refuges, we suggest focusing on areas where the public is more receptive, considering the situation of local native diversity, and monitoring of adjacent introgressed populations. We recommend the use of directional supportive breeding only when a population really needs to be enhanced. In any case, management strategies should be developed to allow for protection within the context of human use.     

Protection of Genetic Diversity and Maintenance of Connectivity among Reef Corals within Marine Protected Areas

Abstract: High‐latitude coral reefs (HLRs) are potentially vulnerable marine ecosystems facing well‐documented threats to tropical reefs and exposure to suboptimal temperatures and insolation. In addition, because of their geographic isolation, HLRs may have poor or erratic larval connections to tropical reefs and a reduced genetic diversity and capacity to respond to environmental change. On Australia's east coast, a system of marine protected areas (MPAs) has been established with the aim of conserving HLRs in part by providing sources of colonizing larvae. To examine the effectiveness of existing MPAs as networks for dispersal, we compared genetic diversity within and among the HLRs in MPAs and between these HLRs and tropical reefs on the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The 2 coral species best represented on Australian HLRs (the brooding Pocillopora damicornis and the broadcast‐spawning Goniastrea australensis) exhibited sharply contrasting patterns of diversity and connectedness. For P. damicornis, the 8‐locus genetic and genotypic diversity declined dramatically with increasing latitude (N_a= 3.6–1.2, H_e= 0.3–0.03, N_g:N = 0.87–0.06), although population structure was consistent with recruitment derived largely from sexual reproduction (G_o:G_e= 1.28–0.55). Genetic differentiation was high among the HLRs (F_ST[SD]= 0.32 [0.08], p < 0.05) and between the GBR and the HLRs (F_ST= 0.24 [0.06], p < 0.05), which indicates these temperate populations are effectively closed. In contrast for G. australensis, 9‐locus genetic diversity was more consistent across reefs (N_a= 4.2–3.9, H_e= 0.3–0.26, N_g:N = 1–0.61), and there was no differentiation among regions (F_ST= 0.00 [0.004], p > 0.05), which implies the HLRs and the southern GBR are strongly interconnected. Our results demonstrate that although the current MPAs appear to capture most of the genetic diversity present within the HLR systems for these 2 species, their sharply contrasting patterns of connectivity indicate some taxa, such as P. damicornis, will be more vulnerable than others, and this disparity will provide challenges for future management.     

嗜吡啶红球菌多氯联苯降解基因的克隆与表达

建立了多氯联苯/联苯降解菌嗜吡啶红球菌 R04 的基因组文库.活性筛选得到 1 个18kb的阳性片断,内含 1个 921个核苷酸的新的开环酶2,3-二羟基联苯双加氧酶基因 bphC2,该基因能够在大肠杆菌中表达,其蛋白分子量约为34kDa.此外,在该基因上游39bp处还发现另外一个 2,3-二羟基联苯双加氧酶基因 bphC1 的部分序列.     

五氯酚对土壤跳虫代谢转化酶基因和蜕皮相关基因表达的影响

五氯酚(PCP)是一种广泛存在于环境中的有机污染物。利用土壤跳虫(Folsomia candida)作为受试生物,研究了不同浓度的PCP暴露下细胞色素P450(CYP450)基因、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)基因和蜕皮相关基因表达水平的变化。结果显示,PCP暴露下,跳虫CYP450基因Fcc01651、Fcc02155、Fcc03650和GST基因Fcc04073、Fcc05260的表达水平未发生显著变化。在PCP浓度为240 mg·kg-1时,跳虫GST基因Fcc00494的表达显著上调。在PCP浓度为120 mg·kg-1和240 mg·kg-1时,几丁质酶基因Fcc00881和几丁质结合域基因Fcc01306的表达受到显著抑制。研究结果可为评价PCP暴露对跳虫的毒性提供一定依据。