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171.
论文针对黄河上游水沙关系恶化、水资源供需矛盾加剧等问题,围绕黄河全流域2012—2030年水资源规划的配置结果,以龙羊峡、刘家峡梯级水库联合调度为调控手段,考虑全流域综合供水、防洪、防凌、水资源供需平衡等要求,构建了黄河上游龙羊峡、刘家峡(龙刘)梯级水库联合调度模型,采用自迭代模拟优化算法,分别计算4种情景、4种模式下13个方案的可调水量,最终推荐以水定电模式下的计算结果为最佳模式。结果表明:随着未来需水量的增加,可调水量呈减小趋势,且调水工程的引水量未提高梯级水库的可调水量。研究成果可为黄河上游宽谷河段水沙调控、黄河上游梯级水库群科学规划和调度提供技术支撑。 相似文献
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173.
Garhwal Himalaya is an important source of wild fruit species. These wild fruit trees grow abundantly across an altitudinal gradient of Himalaya and the majority of them bear fruits during summer. Fruit varieties are eaten raw by the local inhabitants of the region and whilst they are a rich source of protein, carbohydrate, fat and other elements, compared to cultivated fruits, they have not yet been considered as a source of alternative food products. About 13 potentially exploitable species of wild fruits and one semi-domesticated species having high potential for exploitation were selected for study; six (Aegle marmelos, Berberis asiatica, Hippophae rhamnoides, Myrica nagi, Rubus ellipticus and Prunus armeniaca) were examined in detail for their economic potential. Among the wild fruits, Hippophae rhamnoides was found to be economically efficient, followed by Aegle marmelos, Rubus ellipticus and Myrica nagi, respectively. Prunus armeniaca, a semi-domesticated and less utilized fruit of the higher Himalaya, provides better economic returns on an annual basis. The authors have recently made an attempt to utilize these wild fruits as a source of income, particularly for poor rural inhabitants and unemployed youths of the region by making a variety of edible products such as jam, jelly, juice, squash, sauce, etc. The enterprise was demonstrated to the people to encourage them to adopt it in the form of a small village-level cottage industry. The present paper discusses the distribution, botany, phenology, yield, ethnobotany, and uses of these species, and the cost-benefit analysis of food products prepared from them. 相似文献
174.
An electrolytic hydride generation system for the determination of tin(II) by means of batch electrochemical hydride generation-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (EcHG-ETAAS) with in situ trapping in a graphite tube atomizer is described. The effects of four permanent chemical modifiers – palladium, tungsten, iridium, and platinum – for graphite tube treatment on analyte absorbance and the effects of four cathode materials, i.e., Pb, Sn, Pb–Sn alloy, and glassy carbon, are checked. Three electrolytes, i.e., nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid, are examined as catholyte solutions. The influence of several parameters on EcHG is investigated using multivariate and univariate methods. Interferences of some concomitant ions are evaluated. The calibration curve is linear from 1 to 200?µg?L?1, with a detection limit of 0.8?µg?L?1 and a relative standard deviation of 6.2% (n?=?3) for 100?µg?L?1 Sn(II). The proposed method was successfully applied in the analysis of real environmental water samples and reference materials, and good spiked recoveries over the range of 93.1–115% were obtained. The proposed technique provides a means for developing hydride generation of other elements. 相似文献
175.
国内外产排污系数开发现状及其启示 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7
通过对国外产排污系数开发应用现状的系统分析,重点研究了美国产排污系数的基本特征、开发方法和途径以及遇到的障碍,结合我国产排污系数的开发现状和存在的问题,得出了对我国该领域研究的启示:建立产排污系数开发和管理的官方常设机构,定期发布最新数据;构建国家产排污系数信息管理平台;细化行业污染源分类,完善污染物种类;深入对产排污系数开发的理论体系和技术方法的研究,建立产排污系数核算方法学.指出了产排污系数不确定性评估研究将是未来重要的研究内容. 相似文献
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177.
Tamora D. James Roberto Salguero-Gómez Owen R. Jones Dylan Z. Childs Andrew P. Beckerman 《Conservation biology》2021,35(4):1210-1221
Phylogenetically informed imputation methods have rarely been applied to estimate missing values in demographic data but may be a powerful tool for reconstructing vital rates of survival, maturation, and fecundity for species of conservation concern. Imputed vital rates could be used to parameterize demographic models to explore how populations respond when vital rates are perturbed. We used standardized vital rate estimates for 50 bird species to assess the use of phylogenetic imputation to fill gaps in demographic data. We calculated imputation accuracy for vital rates of focal species excluded from the data set either singly or in combination and with and without phylogeny, body mass, and life-history trait data. We used imputed vital rates to calculate demographic metrics, including generation time, to validate the use of imputation in demographic analyses. Covariance among vital rates and other trait data provided a strong basis to guide imputation of missing vital rates in birds, even in the absence of phylogenetic information. Mean NRMSE for null and phylogenetic models differed by <0.01 except when no vital rates were available or for vital rates with high phylogenetic signal (Pagel's λ > 0.8). In these cases, including body mass and life-history trait data compensated for lack of phylogenetic information: mean normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) for null and phylogenetic models differed by <0.01 for adult survival and <0.04 for maturation rate. Estimates of demographic metrics were sensitive to the accuracy of imputed vital rates. For example, mean error in generation time doubled in response to inaccurate estimates of maturation time. Accurate demographic data and metrics, such as generation time, are needed to inform conservation planning processes, for example through International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List assessments and population viability analysis. Imputed vital rates could be useful in this context but, as for any estimated model parameters, awareness of the sensitivities of demographic model outputs to the imputed vital rates is essential. 相似文献
178.
为研究煤在加水热模拟条件下H2S气体的生成规律,采用自主设计的高温高压封闭反应装置,在高温、真空条件下对煤加水反应体系进行H2S气体成生实验模拟研究。使用Agilent 7890B气相色谱对热模拟温度(250~550℃)内的气相产物取样分析。结果显示:在温度不超过300℃时,该阶段主要是发生物理脱吸附作用,且化学还原作用还较微弱,H2S气体生成量较少;在300~550℃,该阶段为煤中有机硫分解释放硫自由基的主要阶段,H2S气体生成量急剧攀升,在450℃达到最大值。总体来说,煤中有机硫分解释放的硫自由基量对H2S气体的生成量有重要的影响,硫自由基量越高,H2S的生成量就越大。 相似文献
179.
中国地热资源特点与发展对策 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
地热能是一种绿色低碳、可循环利用的可再生能源。中国地热资源丰富,以中低温资源为主,高温地热资源主要受中国地质构造特点及其在全球构造中所处部位的控制,主要集中在藏南-川西-滇西和台湾两个地区。但是,中国地热产业处在起步阶段,资源开发利用程度低,地热资源的利用绝大部分以直接利用为主,地热发电明显落后。针对中国地热资源开发利用存在的问题,提出了5 条促进地热产业发展的对策建议:建立国家级地热产业核心技术研发平台;尽快启动干热岩勘查开发利用示范工程建设;制订优惠扶持政策,推动地热产业步入快速发展轨道;积极推广地热尾水回灌技术,切实保护环境;尽快出台全国性的地热资源管理法规,以推动中国地热资源开发利用的法制化管理。 相似文献
180.
Using first-order kinetic empirical models to estimate landfill gas (LFG) generation and collection rates is well recognized in the literature. The uncertainty in the estimated LFG generation rates is a major challenge in evaluating performance of LFG collection and LFG to energy facilities. In this investigation, four methods for quantifying first-order LFG generation model parameters, methane generation potential, L0, and methane generation rate constant, k, were evaluated. It was found that the model is insensitive to the approach taken in quantifying the parameters. However, considering the recognition of using the model in the literature, the optimum method to estimate L0 and k is to determine L0 using disposed municipal solid waste composition and laboratory component specific methane potential values. The k value can be selected by model fitting and regression using the first-order model if LFG collection data are available. When such data are not available, k can be selected from technical literature, based on site conditions. For five Florida case-study landfills L0 varied from 56 to 77 m3 Mg−1, and k varied from 0.04 to 0.13 yr−1 for the traditional landfills and was 0.10 yr−1 for the wet cell. Model predictions of LFG collection rates were on average lower than actual collection. The uncertainty (coefficient of variation) in modeled LFG generation rates varied from ±11% to ±17% while landfills were open, ±9% to ±18% at the end of waste placement, and ±16% to ±203% 50 years after waste placement ended. 相似文献