RDX粒度对某高能硝胺发射药燃烧性能的影响

为了研究黑索金(RDX)粒度对某高能硝胺发射药(NP)常、高、低温燃烧性能的影响,在NP发射药配方的基础上,加入超细RDX和普通RDX,其平均粒径(D50)分别为6μm和40μm,制备得到新型高能硝胺发射药NPH.通过密闭爆发器试验,对比分析NP和NPH发射药在常、高、低温条件下燃烧性能的变化规律.高能硝铵发射药中,R...     

Bridging gaps in demographic analysis with phylogenetic imputation

Phylogenetically informed imputation methods have rarely been applied to estimate missing values in demographic data but may be a powerful tool for reconstructing vital rates of survival, maturation, and fecundity for species of conservation concern. Imputed vital rates could be used to parameterize demographic models to explore how populations respond when vital rates are perturbed. We used standardized vital rate estimates for 50 bird species to assess the use of phylogenetic imputation to fill gaps in demographic data. We calculated imputation accuracy for vital rates of focal species excluded from the data set either singly or in combination and with and without phylogeny, body mass, and life-history trait data. We used imputed vital rates to calculate demographic metrics, including generation time, to validate the use of imputation in demographic analyses. Covariance among vital rates and other trait data provided a strong basis to guide imputation of missing vital rates in birds, even in the absence of phylogenetic information. Mean NRMSE for null and phylogenetic models differed by <0.01 except when no vital rates were available or for vital rates with high phylogenetic signal (Pagel's λ > 0.8). In these cases, including body mass and life-history trait data compensated for lack of phylogenetic information: mean normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) for null and phylogenetic models differed by <0.01 for adult survival and <0.04 for maturation rate. Estimates of demographic metrics were sensitive to the accuracy of imputed vital rates. For example, mean error in generation time doubled in response to inaccurate estimates of maturation time. Accurate demographic data and metrics, such as generation time, are needed to inform conservation planning processes, for example through International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List assessments and population viability analysis. Imputed vital rates could be useful in this context but, as for any estimated model parameters, awareness of the sensitivities of demographic model outputs to the imputed vital rates is essential.     

煤加水热化学还原反应体系H2S成生实验模拟研究

为研究煤在加水热模拟条件下H2S气体的生成规律,采用自主设计的高温高压封闭反应装置,在高温、真空条件下对煤加水反应体系进行H2S气体成生实验模拟研究。使用Agilent 7890B气相色谱对热模拟温度（250~550℃）内的气相产物取样分析。结果显示:在温度不超过300℃时,该阶段主要是发生物理脱吸附作用,且化学还原作用还较微弱,H2S气体生成量较少;在300~550℃,该阶段为煤中有机硫分解释放硫自由基的主要阶段,H2S气体生成量急剧攀升,在450℃达到最大值。总体来说,煤中有机硫分解释放的硫自由基量对H2S气体的生成量有重要的影响,硫自由基量越高,H2S的生成量就越大。     

中国地热资源特点与发展对策

地热能是一种绿色低碳、可循环利用的可再生能源。中国地热资源丰富,以中低温资源为主,高温地热资源主要受中国地质构造特点及其在全球构造中所处部位的控制,主要集中在藏南-川西-滇西和台湾两个地区。但是,中国地热产业处在起步阶段,资源开发利用程度低,地热资源的利用绝大部分以直接利用为主,地热发电明显落后。针对中国地热资源开发利用存在的问题,提出了5 条促进地热产业发展的对策建议:建立国家级地热产业核心技术研发平台;尽快启动干热岩勘查开发利用示范工程建设;制订优惠扶持政策,推动地热产业步入快速发展轨道;积极推广地热尾水回灌技术,切实保护环境;尽快出台全国性的地热资源管理法规,以推动中国地热资源开发利用的法制化管理。     

Determination of first-order landfill gas modeling parameters and uncertainties

Using first-order kinetic empirical models to estimate landfill gas (LFG) generation and collection rates is well recognized in the literature. The uncertainty in the estimated LFG generation rates is a major challenge in evaluating performance of LFG collection and LFG to energy facilities. In this investigation, four methods for quantifying first-order LFG generation model parameters, methane generation potential, L₀, and methane generation rate constant, k, were evaluated. It was found that the model is insensitive to the approach taken in quantifying the parameters. However, considering the recognition of using the model in the literature, the optimum method to estimate L₀ and k is to determine L₀ using disposed municipal solid waste composition and laboratory component specific methane potential values. The k value can be selected by model fitting and regression using the first-order model if LFG collection data are available. When such data are not available, k can be selected from technical literature, based on site conditions. For five Florida case-study landfills L₀ varied from 56 to 77 m³ Mg⁻¹, and k varied from 0.04 to 0.13 yr⁻¹ for the traditional landfills and was 0.10 yr⁻¹ for the wet cell. Model predictions of LFG collection rates were on average lower than actual collection. The uncertainty (coefficient of variation) in modeled LFG generation rates varied from ±11% to ±17% while landfills were open, ±9% to ±18% at the end of waste placement, and ±16% to ±203% 50 years after waste placement ended.     

低热值垃圾焚烧发电运行中有关参数的监测与控制

研究适合我国国情的城市生活垃圾焚烧发电工艺,着重介绍低热值垃圾发电机组在运行过程中各主要设备的调节参数及燃烧,给水,蒸汽系统的监测与控制方法。     

The political economy of power generation in Zimbabwe since 1980

This article presents a historical analysis of the power generation choices in Zimbabwe since independence in 1980; their causes and consequences. In the early 1980s, the electricity supply choices of the country were dictated by a policy of self-sufficiency, and least-cost supply options (e.g. imports and hydropower) were rejected at a not negligible economic cost. At the end of the 1980s, a new political environment and pressures from the World Bank prompted substantial changes towards least-cost alternatives. In the early 1990s, security of supply motives still played an important role and financial constraints were severe. At present, however, there is little evidence that imported power is still as cheap a source of electricity as it was about 15 years ago. This situation together with the ongoing trend towards higher discount rates imply that thermal power, in particular coal-fired power, will dominate future electricity supply investments in Zimbabwe.     

Spatial environmental efficiency indicators in regional waste generation: a nonparametric approach

This paper computes and analyses, for the first time, environmental efficiencies in waste generation of 116 European regions in NUTS 2 level in five European countries over the period of 2008–2010. For this reason, different data envelopment analysis (DEA) model formulations are used for modeling the pollutant in the form of waste generation as a regular output and as a regular input. In the latter case, we also use the notion of eco-efficiency. The empirical findings reveal environmental inefficiencies among the regions, indicating the lack of a uniform regional environmental policy among the European countries. This finding is observed not only for regions between different countries but also among the regions within countries, implying the need for implementation of unified appropriate municipal environmental policies in waste management.     

Shift to continuous operation of an air-cathode microbial fuel cell long-running in fed-batch mode boosts power generation

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) which are operated in continuous mode are more suitable for practical applications than fed batch ones. The aim of the present study was to characterize an air-cathode MFC operating in continuous mode and to determine the intrinsic properties for suitable performance and scalability. Air-cathode MFCs were constructed from plexiglass with a total working volume of 220 mL. Zirfon® separator used in this MFC had cross section area of 100 cm². The air cathode MFCs were operated in fed-batch mode and then shifted to the continuous mode. To determine the behavior of anode and cathode in long term operation (274 days), their contribution in MFC performance was evaluated over time. Once the active biofilm was formed, power production and substrate consumption rate were significantly higher. The internal resistance increased with the passage of time. After stabilization of biofilm when the MFC was placed in close circuit by connecting an external resistance, the anode-reference and cathode-reference electrode behavior showed that anode potential is near to the bacterial cell inside potential. The maximum open circuit voltage achieved was 623 mV and the highest power and volumetric power density were 38.03 mW/m² and 1296 mW/m³, respectively.     

Optimization of grid tied hybrid power system in smart premises

Tapping of renewable energy sources like solar and wind is given great priority by power producers all over the world. Technical problems of linking them to the grid are solved. The cost constraints of utilizing renewable energy at specific locations are to be determined. In this work, a model is developed for grid tied hybrid power system (HPS) consisting of photovoltaic (PV) module and wind mill at the roof top of smart premises. The grid is capable of delivering and receiving energy. Objective function is formed with constraints taking into account the cost of PV module, wind mill, and grid tied inverter with controller. The constraints are rating of HPS and energy that can be delivered to the grid. Using this model, case studies were conducted in three locations in India, each location having two different demands. The results are presented. With the optimal rating of HPS, results shows that, conventional energy cost is higher.