北京地区2019年2~3月供暖结束前后两次污染过程特征分析

以2019年2~3月北京两次污染过程为例,针对气象要素及污染物浓度进行特征分析,利用后向轨迹及WRF-CAMx模式,分析供暖结束前后的污染物演变规律,并探讨气象条件、区域输送及二次转化等对污染过程的影响.结果表明,2月21~24日（过程1）和3月18~20日（过程2）平均ρ（PM_2.5）差异不大,分别为100.1 μg·m^-3和97.2 μg·m^-3,但过程1平均峰值偏高、日变化明显、过程发展迅速和有两个峰值阶段,且为区域性污染,而过程2更倾向于北京局地污染.两次过程逐时ρ（SO₂）均不超16 μg·m^-3,供暖燃煤治理效果显著,但过程1的SO₂存在夜间次峰值,体现供暖排放影响.过程1的ρ（CO）较高,尤其是2月21~22日前后ρ（CO）/ρ（SO₂）升高,且区域中南部城市及北京南部背景站污染高于城区,表明过程1扩散条件不利,且第一个峰值主要受区域输送影响.过程2的ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（CO）偏高,表明二次生成PM_2.5占比略大;ρ（NO₂）/ρ（CO）、ρ（SO₂）/ρ（CO）和ρ（SO₄^2-）/ρ（PM_2.5）偏大,SOR与过程1持平,表明过程1更有利于气体相态转化,过程2受工业燃煤影响更大.但将过程1分阶段分析显示,过程1第二阶段与过程2的PM_2.5二次生成指征相似,均高于过程1第一阶段,即过程1第二个峰值与过程2主要与本地排放和化学转化相关.WRF-CMAx对污染物演变趋势有较好的再现能力.同化试验对PM_2.5趋势模拟显著提升,提高了与观测的相关性,但模拟值偏低;对NO₂的模拟2月偏低、3月偏高,对SO₂模拟明显偏高有一定纠正;此外,过程2中北京污染物浓度对河北的敏感性相对过程1偏低,即过程1受区域输送影响更大.模式对污染暴发性增长的模拟亟待提升,污染物种类对减排的响应及大气氧化剂和气溶胶性质相关的反馈等可能是影响模拟效果的重要原因,需进一步研究.     

垃圾填埋场生化降解指标测试及液气产量评估

以上海某综合垃圾填埋场作为研究对象,钻取不同龄期的生活垃圾测试固液气生化降解指标,并对全场的渗滤液产量以及填埋气产量进行评估.经过测试和计算,该处区域已开始稳定产甲烷,进入慢速降解阶段.其中,固相垃圾样的C/L（纤维素与木质素的比值）大部分集中在0.72~1.53之间;渗滤液pH值介于7.91~8.92,BOD介于1050~5780mg/L,COD介于2640~15200mg/L,NH₃-N介于2110~4360mg/L.引入固相、液相以及气相归一化指标β₁、β₂、β₃,用于评估填埋场降解阶段.其中,β₁介于0.56~0.83,β₂介于0.65~0.76,β₃介于0.97~1.02.β₁与β₂能够作为判定垃圾场降解阶段的指标,但β₃只能作为判定垃圾场是否处于稳定产甲烷阶段的指标.另外,建立考虑垃圾压缩-渗流耦合作用的渗滤液产量计算方法,垃圾自身渗滤液产率在70%~80%左右;采用垃圾两阶段降解模型计算填埋气产量,随着垃圾停止入场填埋,填埋气可收集量快速降低,至2025a降至峰值的3.88%,至2040a降至峰值的0.08%.     

城市污水排水系统中H_2S控制措施的研究现状

目前,城市污水排水系统中由厌氧微生物产生的H2S气体所引起的恶臭味、管道腐蚀等一系列问题受到人们的日益重视。因此,文章通过阐述城市污水排水系统中H2S的产生机理、毒害及其影响因子,归纳总结目前对城市污水排水系统中H2S控制措施的研究现状,并提出这些措施所存在的问题,为控制城市污水排水系统中H2S的产生提供理论基础。     

Municipal solid waste generation in Kathmandu, Nepal

Waste stream characteristics must be understood to tackle waste management problems in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), Nepal. Three-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to evaluate solid waste data collected from 336 households in KMC. This information was combined with data collected regarding waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets. The study found that 497.3 g capita(-1) day(-1) of solid waste was generated from households and 48.5, 113.3 and 26.1 kg facility(-1) day(-1) of waste was generated from restaurants, hotels and schools, respectively. Street litter measured 69.3 metric tons day(-1). The average municipal solid waste generation rate was 523.8 metric tons day(-1) or 0.66 kg capita(-1) day(-1) as compared to the 320 metric tons day(-1) reported by the city. The coefficient of correlation between the number of people and the amount of waste produced was 0.94. Key household waste constituents included 71% organic wastes, 12% plastics, 7.5% paper and paper products, 5% dirt and construction debris and 1% hazardous wastes. Although the waste composition varied depending on the source, the composition analysis of waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets showed a high percentage of organic wastes. These numbers suggest a greater potential for recovery of organic wastes via composting and there is an opportunity for recycling. Because there is no previous inquiry of this scale in reporting comprehensive municipal solid waste generation in Nepal, this study can be treated as a baseline for other Nepalese municipalities.     

Formic acid fractionation towards highly efficient cellulose-derived PdAg bimetallic catalyst for H2 evolution

The present work, in which cellulose isolated from formic acid fractionation (FAC) is decorated with polyetherimide (PEI) to attain highly efficient cellulose-derived PdAgbimetallic catalyst (PdAg-PEI-FAC), has been investigated, and the catalyst properties are characterized by XRD, XPS, BET, ICP-AES and HAADF-STEM. The as-obtained Pd3.75Ag3.75-PEI-FAC exhibits excellent catalytic performance for H2 evo-lution from a sodium formate-free formic acid (FA) aqueous medium at ambient temperature and the turnover frequency (TOF) reaches a high value of 2875 h-1, which is superior to most of the previously reported Pd-based heterogeneous catalysts supported on a carbon matrix in the literature. The remarkable catalytic activities of PdAg-PEI-FAC result from high dispersion Pd and synergistic effects between the PdAg bimetallic system. Furthermore, the amide (-NH) group in PEI coated on cellulose acting as a proton scavenger efficiently improves the catalytic property of catalyst. In addition, the critical factors affecting H2 release, such as FA concentration, reaction temperature, PdAg compositions and support matrix type, are also evaluated. Based on the experimental results, the probable three-step mechanism of H2 evolution from FA over Pd3.75Ag3.75-PEI-FAC is proposed. In the end, the activation energy (Ea) of Pd3.75Ag3.75-PEI-FAC catalyst is calculated to 53.97 kJ mol-1, and this catalyst shows unique robustness and satisfactory re-usability with no loss of catalytic activity after five recycles. The findings in this work provide a novel routine from lignocellulose fractionation towards cellulose-derived catalyst for H2 evolution.     

Least cost electricity generation options based on environmental impact abatement

The power sector in Thailand is the largest contributor to CO₂ emissions. There is high potential to mitigate CO₂ emission via alternative power generating plants. Alternative plants considered in this study include nuclear plants, integrated gasification combined cycle plants, biomass-based plants and supercritical thermal power plants. The biomass-based plants considered here are fueled with four types of biomass; paddy husk, municipal solid waste (MSW), fuel wood and corncob. The methodology for the optimal expansion plan of the power generating system over the planning horizon is based on the least-cost approach. The results from the least-cost planning analyses show that the nuclear alternative has the highest potential to mitigate not only CO₂ but also other airborne emissions. Moreover, the nuclear option is the most effective abatement strategy for CO₂ reduction due to its negative incremental cost of CO₂ reduction.     

UNCTAD框架下的长江经济带港口代际识别与战略响应

阐释了长江经济带港口代际识别的意义和UNCTAD框架下港口代际识别的标准。运用模糊模式识别的方法对长江经济带主要港口进行代际识别测度,并对初步识别结果做进一步分析和修正。研究表明:①长江经济带港口代际等级总体上较低,大多数处于UNCTAD框架下的第一代港和第二代港水平;②不同代际港口在空间上呈现出明显的东西分异特征,港口代际等级和港口分布密度由东向西均表现出显著的下降趋势;③从局部空间看,不同等级的港口在地理分布上呈现出一定的"省域化"特征,即在省域范围内形成以一两个高等级港为中心、其他低等级港为支线港、喂给港的港口群形态。根据研究结论,提出长江经济带建设下的港口战略转向:充分认识港口在长江综合运输体系中的作用;有序推进长江经济带港口代际更替;以港口群的形式推进港口建设和适时推进长江沿岸自贸区建设。     

中国废旧手机产生量时空分布研究

手机是人们生活中最为常见的电器电子产品,中国则是全球最大的手机生产地和消费国,相应的每年产生大量的废旧手机.废旧手机是一类典型的废弃电器电子产品,因其具有资源与污染的双重属性而受到了国际社会的广泛关注,如何构建高效的管理体系实现废旧手机的可持续管理是全球各界近年来面临的共同课题.产生量是废弃电器电子产品管理的重要基础信息.目前国内外有关废弃电器电子产品产生量的数据主要通过估算获得,估算结果的准确性尚有提升空间.本文基于权威数据,采用市场供给A模型、消费与使用模型、注册更新模型等3种不同的方法对中国的废旧手机产生量进行了估算.其中,基于注册更新模型的结果显示,1998年与2013年中国废旧手机产生量分别为28.00万部与7.99亿部.在此基础上针对中国废旧手机产生量空间区域分布的研究显示,经济发达的东部区域产生了接近半数的废旧手机.由于考虑"水货"和"山寨"手机对销售量进行了校正,本文的结果明显高于已有研究,更加符合实际,可以为中国的废旧手机管理工作提供科学依据.     

论风力发电建设项目的环境监理

目前,随着国家清洁能源的政策支持,风力发电项目已在内蒙古地区普遍发展。风力发电项目对生态环境影响范围大、污染分散,环境监理内容较多,因此做好风力发电建设项目的环境监理工作是十分重要的。本文简述了这方面的环境监理内容。     

空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响研究

为研究空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响,运用自制空气湿度控制装置和程序升温试验台,通入湿度不同的空气,对砚石台矿煤样进行程序升温,测定不同温度下所产生气体的浓度,分析耗氧速率、CO和CO2产生率、放热强度以及自燃极限参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:低温氧化前期,煤体的耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率与空气相对湿度成正比。随着反应的进行,85%或32%的湿度均会对耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率产生一定的抑制作用;CO2产生率随空气相对湿度的增大先升高后降低,最小浮煤厚度和下限氧浓度随空气相对湿度的增大先减小后增大,上限漏风强度先增大后减小。增大空气相对湿度对煤低温氧化前期有促进作用,其自燃环境条件更易被满足,自燃危险性升高。