空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响研究

为研究空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响,运用自制空气湿度控制装置和程序升温试验台,通入湿度不同的空气,对砚石台矿煤样进行程序升温,测定不同温度下所产生气体的浓度,分析耗氧速率、CO和CO2产生率、放热强度以及自燃极限参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:低温氧化前期,煤体的耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率与空气相对湿度成正比。随着反应的进行,85%或32%的湿度均会对耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率产生一定的抑制作用;CO2产生率随空气相对湿度的增大先升高后降低,最小浮煤厚度和下限氧浓度随空气相对湿度的增大先减小后增大,上限漏风强度先增大后减小。增大空气相对湿度对煤低温氧化前期有促进作用,其自燃环境条件更易被满足,自燃危险性升高。     

Estimation of methane emission rate changes using age-defined waste in a landfill site

Long term methane emissions from landfill sites are often predicted by first-order decay (FOD) models, in which the default coefficients of the methane generation potential and the methane generation rate given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are usually used. However, previous studies have demonstrated the large uncertainty in these coefficients because they are derived from a calibration procedure under ideal steady-state conditions, not actual landfill site conditions. In this study, the coefficients in the FOD model were estimated by a new approach to predict more precise long term methane generation by considering region-specific conditions. In the new approach, age-defined waste samples, which had been under the actual landfill site conditions, were collected in Hokkaido, Japan (in cold region), and the time series data on the age-defined waste sample’s methane generation potential was used to estimate the coefficients in the FOD model. The degradation coefficients were 0.050 1/y and 0.062 1/y for paper and food waste, and the methane generation potentials were 214.4 mL/g-wet waste and 126.7 mL/g-wet waste for paper and food waste, respectively. These coefficients were compared with the default coefficients given by the IPCC. Although the degradation coefficient for food waste was smaller than the default value, the other coefficients were within the range of the default coefficients. With these new coefficients to calculate methane generation, the long term methane emissions from the landfill site was estimated at 1.35 × 10⁴ m³-CH₄, which corresponds to approximately 2.53% of the total carbon dioxide emissions in the city (5.34 × 10⁵ t-CO₂/y).     

Alteration of sediment organic matter in sediment microbial fuel cells

The alteration of physico-chemical properties of sediment organic matter (SOM) incubated under current-harvesting conditions as well as no-current producing conditions over 120 days using sediment microbial fuel cell systems was examined. The SOM was microbially oxidized under anaerobic conditions with an electrode serving as a terminal electron acceptor. It was found that SOM around the electrochemically-active electrodes became more humified, aromatic, and polydispersed, and had a higher average molecular weight, along with its partial degradation and electricity generation compared to that for the original sediment. These changes in SOM properties were analogous to those commonly observed in the early stages of the SOM diagenetic process (i.e. humification). Such a humification-like process was evidently more stimulated when electrical current was produced than no-current condition. These new findings associated with microbially-catalyzed electricity generation may present a potential for the energy-efficient remediation, monitoring, and/or management of the geo-environment.     

垃圾填埋场生化降解指标测试及液气产量评估

以上海某综合垃圾填埋场作为研究对象,钻取不同龄期的生活垃圾测试固液气生化降解指标,并对全场的渗滤液产量以及填埋气产量进行评估.经过测试和计算,该处区域已开始稳定产甲烷,进入慢速降解阶段.其中,固相垃圾样的C/L（纤维素与木质素的比值）大部分集中在0.72~1.53之间;渗滤液pH值介于7.91~8.92,BOD介于1050~5780mg/L,COD介于2640~15200mg/L,NH₃-N介于2110~4360mg/L.引入固相、液相以及气相归一化指标β₁、β₂、β₃,用于评估填埋场降解阶段.其中,β₁介于0.56~0.83,β₂介于0.65~0.76,β₃介于0.97~1.02.β₁与β₂能够作为判定垃圾场降解阶段的指标,但β₃只能作为判定垃圾场是否处于稳定产甲烷阶段的指标.另外,建立考虑垃圾压缩-渗流耦合作用的渗滤液产量计算方法,垃圾自身渗滤液产率在70%~80%左右;采用垃圾两阶段降解模型计算填埋气产量,随着垃圾停止入场填埋,填埋气可收集量快速降低,至2025a降至峰值的3.88%,至2040a降至峰值的0.08%.     

北京地区2019年2~3月供暖结束前后两次污染过程特征分析

以2019年2~3月北京两次污染过程为例,针对气象要素及污染物浓度进行特征分析,利用后向轨迹及WRF-CAMx模式,分析供暖结束前后的污染物演变规律,并探讨气象条件、区域输送及二次转化等对污染过程的影响.结果表明,2月21~24日（过程1）和3月18~20日（过程2）平均ρ（PM_2.5）差异不大,分别为100.1 μg·m^-3和97.2 μg·m^-3,但过程1平均峰值偏高、日变化明显、过程发展迅速和有两个峰值阶段,且为区域性污染,而过程2更倾向于北京局地污染.两次过程逐时ρ（SO₂）均不超16 μg·m^-3,供暖燃煤治理效果显著,但过程1的SO₂存在夜间次峰值,体现供暖排放影响.过程1的ρ（CO）较高,尤其是2月21~22日前后ρ（CO）/ρ（SO₂）升高,且区域中南部城市及北京南部背景站污染高于城区,表明过程1扩散条件不利,且第一个峰值主要受区域输送影响.过程2的ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（CO）偏高,表明二次生成PM_2.5占比略大;ρ（NO₂）/ρ（CO）、ρ（SO₂）/ρ（CO）和ρ（SO₄^2-）/ρ（PM_2.5）偏大,SOR与过程1持平,表明过程1更有利于气体相态转化,过程2受工业燃煤影响更大.但将过程1分阶段分析显示,过程1第二阶段与过程2的PM_2.5二次生成指征相似,均高于过程1第一阶段,即过程1第二个峰值与过程2主要与本地排放和化学转化相关.WRF-CMAx对污染物演变趋势有较好的再现能力.同化试验对PM_2.5趋势模拟显著提升,提高了与观测的相关性,但模拟值偏低;对NO₂的模拟2月偏低、3月偏高,对SO₂模拟明显偏高有一定纠正;此外,过程2中北京污染物浓度对河北的敏感性相对过程1偏低,即过程1受区域输送影响更大.模式对污染暴发性增长的模拟亟待提升,污染物种类对减排的响应及大气氧化剂和气溶胶性质相关的反馈等可能是影响模拟效果的重要原因,需进一步研究.     

Least cost electricity generation options based on environmental impact abatement

The power sector in Thailand is the largest contributor to CO₂ emissions. There is high potential to mitigate CO₂ emission via alternative power generating plants. Alternative plants considered in this study include nuclear plants, integrated gasification combined cycle plants, biomass-based plants and supercritical thermal power plants. The biomass-based plants considered here are fueled with four types of biomass; paddy husk, municipal solid waste (MSW), fuel wood and corncob. The methodology for the optimal expansion plan of the power generating system over the planning horizon is based on the least-cost approach. The results from the least-cost planning analyses show that the nuclear alternative has the highest potential to mitigate not only CO₂ but also other airborne emissions. Moreover, the nuclear option is the most effective abatement strategy for CO₂ reduction due to its negative incremental cost of CO₂ reduction.     

Estimating maquiladora hazardous waste generation on the U.S./Mexico border

Maquiladoras, manufacturing plants that primarily assemble foreign components for reexport, are located in concentrations along the northern frontier of the US/Mexico border. These plants process a wide variety of materials using modern industrial technologies within the context of developing world institutions and infrastructure. Hazardous waste generation by maquiladoras represents a critical environmental management issue because of the spatial concentration of these plants in border municipalities where the infrastructure for waste management is nonexistent or poor. These border municipalities contain rapidly increasing populations, which further stress their waste handling infrastructure capacities while exposing their populations to greater contaminant risks. Limited empirical knowledge exists concerning hazardous waste types and generation rates from maquiladorsas. There is no standard reporting method for waste generation or methodology for estimating generation rates at this time. This paper presents a method that can be used for the rapid assessment of hazardous waste generation. A first approximation of hazardous waste generation is produced for maquiladoras in the three municipalities of Nogales, Sonora, Mexicali, Baja California, and Cd. Juarez, Chihuahua, using the INVENT model developed by the World Bank. In addition, our intent is to evaluate the potential of the INVENT model for adaptation to the US/Mexico border industrial situation. The press of border industrial development, especially with the recent adoption of the NAFTA, make such assessments necessary as a basis for the environmental policy formulation and management needed in the immediate future.     

火力发电厂水资源综合利用对策

通过分析我国煤炭资源、水资源、电力发展的基本情况和分布特点,阐述了富煤少水地区火电工业发展所面临的水资源困境与节约用水的战略意义;通过分析火力发电厂的用水现状及用水存在的主要问题,着重论述了火电行业在当前及今后一段时期内,加强水资源综合利用,提高用水效率,节约用水指标的对策,以期火电工业与自然、社会及国民经济其他行业和谐发展.     

固体废弃物填埋场产气率的估算

填埋气体的产生过程可分为需氧分解、需氧/酸性分解、向厌氧分解过渡、厌氧分解和稳定阶段5个.填埋场产气率的估算是填埋场气体收集和控制系统设计的重要环节.本文对填埋场气体和集气井产气量的估算方法进行研究.给出了2种较简单的填埋场气体量的估算方法.并用该方法对一个三角形布置的集气井的产气量进行了估算.结果表明,这2组公式可用于填埋场的产气率的估算.     

空气湿度对煤自燃特性影响的试验研究

为研究空气湿度对煤自燃特性的影响,运用程序升温试验台,在不同环境湿度条件下,对黄陵2号矿4#煤层煤样进行程序升温,分析不同温度下的气体成分,计算煤样在不同温度和湿度条件下的耗氧速率、CO和CO_2产生率,以及煤氧化的表观活化能。结果表明:与在干燥的空气中氧化相比,煤在加湿空气中的耗氧速率、CO和CO_2产生率升高,活化能降低,表明加湿有利于煤自燃;随空气湿度增加,煤体的耗氧速率、cO和CO_2产生率先升高后降低,活化能先降低后增加,表明存在一个最容易使煤氧化自燃的临界空气湿度;黄陵2号矿4#煤层煤样的临界相对湿度为25%左右。