A novel acidophile community populating waste ore deposits at an acid mine drainage site

Waste ore samples （pH 3.0） were collected at an acid mine drainage （AMD） site in Anhui, China. The present acidophillc microbial community in the waste ore was studied with 16S rRNA gene clone library and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. Eighteen different clones were identified and affiliated withActinobacteria, low G ＋ C Gram-positives, Thermomicrobia, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, candidate division TM7, and Planctomycetes. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a diversity of acidophiles in the samples that were mostly novel. It is unexpected that the moderately thermophilic acidophiles were abundant in the acidic ecosystem and may play a great role in the generation of AMD. The result of DGGE was consistent with that of clone library analysis. These findings help in the better understanding of the generation mechanism of AMD and in developing a more efficient method to control AMD.     

Research for MSW flow analysis in developing nations

Developing nations have various problems regarding municipal solid waste (MSW). Therefore, to carry out a systematic review of the MSW problems in the target area and to formulate a well-considered management plan, it is extremely important to understand the present MSW flow in the region. One of the authors participated in the nine solid waste management (SWM) studies in developing nations undertaken under the technical cooperation program of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Based on these studies, this paper reviews the results of research in developing countries regarding different MSW streams, the factors that cause the differences, and the elements considered to have the most impact on those streams. This research identifies several issues regarding MSW streams in developing nations. The MSW generation rate per capita in developing countries is generally said to grow in proportion to the GNP. However, the findings of this research show no correlation between the two; instead, there is a relationship between the GNP and the collection rate. To formulate proper future MSW management plans in countries with low collection rates, it is very important to forecast the rates of self-disposed and recycled waste, and their fluctuations. These are affected by urban structure, collection services, etc. Received: January 27, 2000 / Accepted: July 19, 2000     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂设计探讨

垃圾焚烧发电是我国目前生活垃圾处理的主要方法之一。对生活垃圾焚烧发电厂设计的主要内容进行总结,并针对生活垃圾焚烧发电工艺涉及的包括不同炉型垃圾的预处理,炉型的选择,烟气的净化,灰渣的处理等关键问题进行综述,以期为垃圾焚烧发电工程设计提供借鉴。     

台湾周边海域波浪能资源研究

利用近5 a的实测海浪数据,定义了波浪能资源开发的可用波高,从波浪能流密度的大小、波周期、波浪能资源开发的可用波高出现频率、波浪能资源储量等方面着手,对台湾周边海域的波浪能资源进行分析,为海浪发电、海水淡化等波浪能资源开发工作提供科学依据。研究发现:①台湾周边大部分海域的能流密度在3 kW/m以上,相对大值区分布于基隆、澎湖、花莲、成功大武附近海域,成功大武附近海域的年平均能流密度高达7.15 kW/m。能流密度在1月和10月最大,7月为全年最低。②台湾岛西部海域的海浪波周期多在4.5~5.5 s,台湾岛以东海域、北部的基隆附近海域、南部的鹅銮鼻附近海域的波周期在6.0 s左右。③台湾周边海域可用波高出现的频率整体较高,其中1月和10月出现频率明显大于4月和7月。④台湾周边海域的波浪能资源总储量在2×10⁴ kWh·m^-1以上,高值区分布于台湾北部的基隆附近海域、台湾东部的花莲附近海域、台湾东南部的成功大武附近海域、位于台湾海峡的澎湖附近海域,高雄附近海域为低值区。⑤台湾周边海域波浪能资源的富集区分布于基隆附近海域、花莲附近海域、成功大武附近海域以及澎湖附近海域,相对贫乏区分布于高雄附近海域。     

辽河流域重点行业产污强度及节水减排清洁生产潜力

基于环境统计数据,分析了辽河流域重点工业行业单位产值的新鲜用水量,COD_Cr和NH₃-N等的产生强度,并与松花江、海河、淮河流域及全国平均水平进行对比,研究了其产污特征. 建立了情景分析模型,预测了2015年在经济保持一定增长率、重点工业行业产污强度保持不同水平情景下的流域总污染物产生水平. 结果表明,2008年辽河流域工业新鲜用水强度,COD_Cr和NH₃-N产生强度均低于全国同期工业平均水平,也低于松花江、海河和淮河流域水平. 造纸及纸制品业COD_Cr产生强度为全国平均水平的5.04倍;黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业与化学原料及化学制品制造业COD_Cr产生强度、医药制造业COD_Cr和NH₃-N产生强度也较高,表明这些行业的清洁生产潜力较大. 根据辽河流域污染物产生量削减潜力情景分析,其中的高方案比较合理. 该方案下,2015年COD_Cr和NH₃-N产生量预计比2008年分别减少14%和9%,表明该方案有利于污染排放总量的削减.      

发达国家垃圾焚烧发电经验及借鉴

介绍了发达国家垃圾焚烧发电技术,其具有较好的社会、环境和经济效益,提出我国应借鉴发达国家经验,从技术、管理、政策方面加强垃圾焚烧发电工作。     

Application of spatial and non-spatial data analysis in determination of the factors that impact municipal solid waste generation rates in Turkey

In studies focusing on the factors that impact solid waste generation habits and rates, the potential spatial dependency in solid waste generation data is not considered in relating the waste generation rates to its determinants. In this study, spatial dependency is taken into account in determination of the significant socio-economic and climatic factors that may be of importance for the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rates in different provinces of Turkey. Simultaneous spatial autoregression (SAR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models are used for the spatial data analyses. Similar to ordinary least squares regression (OLSR), regression coefficients are global in SAR model. In other words, the effect of a given independent variable on a dependent variable is valid for the whole country. Unlike OLSR or SAR, GWR reveals the local impact of a given factor (or independent variable) on the waste generation rates of different provinces. Results show that provinces within closer neighborhoods have similar MSW generation rates. On the other hand, this spatial autocorrelation is not very high for the exploratory variables considered in the study. OLSR and SAR models have similar regression coefficients. GWR is useful to indicate the local determinants of MSW generation rates. GWR model can be utilized to plan waste management activities at local scale including waste minimization, collection, treatment, and disposal. At global scale, the MSW generation rates in Turkey are significantly related to unemployment rate and asphalt-paved roads ratio. Yet, significances of these variables may diminish at local scale for some provinces. At local scale, different factors may be important in affecting MSW generation rates.     

微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光度法 测定土壤中的砷

建立了微波消解一氢化物发生原子荧光光度法测定土壤中砷的方法。对微波消解条件进行了优化,用5mL硝酸和2mL过氧化氢的混合酸作消解溶剂,在设定的微波条件下砷提取完全。用5％的盐酸作为反应载流,12g／L硼氢化钾与0．5％氢氧化钠的混合液为还原剂,直接定容后应用HG．AFS测定,并通过测定国家标准参考物质和加标回收实验,对方法进行了验证。实际土壤加标同收率97％～103％。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定废水中痕量铅

运用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法,经过各种条件试验,建立测定地面水与废水中痕量铅的分析方法,在0.0004～0.05mg/L线性范围内,铅的最低检出限为0.4μg/L,标液变异系数＜2%,样品变异系数＜8%,样品回收率100%～105%.     

湖北臭氧分布特征及其管控措施

采用地面站点观测、卫星观测以及UWCM 0-D箱子模型模拟的方法研究湖北2013—2015年臭氧时空分布特征,并探讨其管控措施。从地面站点观测看出,时间分布上,这3年臭氧年平均浓度经历先下降后上升的过程,总体呈上升趋势,而二氧化氮年平均浓度则呈现持续下降的趋势;空间分布上,湖北各区域臭氧浓度分布不均匀,呈现东高西低的递减分布趋势。从卫星观测数据看出,2015年湖北的臭氧柱浓度高于2013、2014年同期。从空间分布来看,臭氧的柱浓度是从东北到西南、从省外到省内逐渐递减,因此推测,除了本地生成,湖北的臭氧有一部分是来源于省外传输。最大臭氧生成量法显示,烯烃(乙烯和丙烯)对湖北夏天臭氧生成量的贡献远大于其他挥发性有机化合物。箱子模型模拟的结果显示,湖北应该通过控制挥发性有机化合物的排放来降低臭氧生成速率,控制氮氧化物反而使臭氧生成速率提高。