垃圾填埋场抽气竖井周边气体运移规律研究

通过建立填埋场抽气竖井周边气体轴对称稳态运移模型,分析了单层和分层垃圾体中气压力分布,并提出“降压百分比”的概念用于判定抽气影响范围,研究了垃圾产气率、气体渗透率、覆盖层厚度、覆盖层气体渗透率、抽气井深度和抽气负压对抽气影响范围和抽气量的影响,获得了竖井深度和井间距的确定方法.分析结果表明,抽气井的降压作用明显,抽气井深度和抽气负压越大,则抽气影响范围和抽气量越大.覆盖层厚度增加或其渗透率降低有助于扩大抽气影响范围和提高抽气量.抽气影响范围随气体渗透率的增加而增大,但随垃圾产气率的增加而减少;抽气量则随气体渗透率和产气率的增大而增加.抽气井深度是控制抽气影响范围的关键参数,建议竖井深度取垃圾填埋厚度的65％～75％,井间距取1.5～2.5倍竖井深度.     

1-硝基芘和1, 2-萘醌的联合细胞毒性和致DNA损伤

以人肺上皮细胞A549为研究对象,运用MTT方法检测1-硝基芘(1-NP)处理后A549的细胞存活率;测定细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的漏出率,评价细胞膜损伤;运用彗星实验检测DNA损伤;通过荧光探针的方法测定细胞内产生的活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS).通过1,2-萘醌(1,2-NQ)预先染毒24 h,再使用1-NP染毒24 h的方法,评估1-NP和1,2-NQ对A549的联合细胞毒性和DNA损伤.结果表明,1-NP对A549暴露24 h和48 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为5.2μmol·L-1和2.8μmol·L-1.LC50随着染毒时间的增加而降低,提示暴露时间越长1-NP的细胞毒性越强.A549在1、2、3和4μmol·L-1浓度的1-NP染毒下,DNA损伤显著增强,ROS水平不断升高,呈现剂量-效应关系(P<0.05);但LDH漏出率无显著变化.1,2-NQ(5μmol·L-1)预染毒A549细胞24 h,能明显减弱1-NP造成的DNA损伤和ROS升高.结果说明,1,2-NQ预处理可能通过抑制1-NP暴露产生的ROS,从而降低A549的DNA的损伤.     

城市生活垃圾产量影响因素的路径分析——以厦门市为例

城市生活垃圾产量日益剧增,已成为制约我国城市健康和可持续发展的瓶颈.深入开展城市生活垃圾产生量的影响因素研究有助于揭示垃圾产生机制,把握其动态变化趋势,从而指导生活垃圾可持续管理及调控.因此,以厦门市为例,基于1979-2010年生活垃圾清运量及经济、生活水平、城市发展水平、社会人口学特征、自然等方面的时间序列数据,运用路径分析方法,开展了城市生活垃圾产量影响因素研究.结果表明,所构建的路径分析模型拟合优度很高,相比较简单的相关分析,很好地解释了因素与垃圾产量的因果关系;城市规模、人均可支配收入、城市化率、GDP的直接影响系数分别为0.58(p ＜0.001)、0.55(p＜0.001)、0.52(p ＜0.001)、0.51(p ＜0.001),均大于0.5,说明正影响作用很大;家庭特征直接影响系数为-0.40(p ＜0.001),为较大负影响;GDP通过旅游人次、城市规模通过家庭特征对垃圾产量有间接作用,影响系数分别为0.13(p ＜0.001)、0.31(p＜0.001);各因素总影响系数排序为城市规模(0.89,p＜0.001)＞ GDP(0.64,p ＜0.001)＞人均可支配收入(0.55,p ＜0.001)＞城市化率(0.52,p ＜0.001)＞家庭特征(-0.40,p＜0.001)＞旅游人次(0.19,p＜0.001)＞年均温度(0.09,p ＜0.001);旅游人次影响作用为中等偏弱,温度只引起生活垃圾产量的年内变动而不影响年际变化.     

Formic acid fractionation towards highly efficient cellulose-derived PdAg bimetallic catalyst for H2 evolution

The present work, in which cellulose isolated from formic acid fractionation(FAC) is decorated with polyetherimide(PEI) to attain highly efficient cellulose-derived PdAgbimetallic catalyst(PdAg-PEI-FAC), has been investigated, and the catalyst properties are characterized by XRD, XPS, BET, ICP-AES and HAADF-STEM. The as-obtained Pd_3.75Ag_3.75-PEI-FAC exhibits excellent catalytic performance for H2 evolution from a sodium formate-free formic acid(FA) aqueous medium at ambient...     

When do environmental regulations backfire? Onsite industrial electricity generation,energy efficiency and policy instruments

More than half of all energy produced by electric utilities is lost in the form of waste heat. However, when manufacturing facilities choose to produce their own electricity, this waste heat is captured by Combined Heating and Power (CHP) technologies and used in the production process. As a result, manufacturers' pollution footprint can be dramatically reduced by choosing to produce electricity onsite rather than purchasing it from a utility. This paper uses Census microdata to study manufacturers’ decision to produce electricity onsite and examines how plants adjust onsite generation when they are subject to environmental regulations. Environmental regulations will backfire if they cause manufacturers to produce less electricity onsite and shift to electricity from less efficient, offsite electric utilities. We find that manufacturing plants subject to NOx command-and-control regulations decrease onsite electricity generation, increase electricity purchases from off-site utilities and see declines in their energy efficiency. However, manufacturers subject to cap-and-trade see no decline in onsite generation and experience improvements in energy efficiency. These findings demonstrate the importance of instrument selection and identify a new pathway through which emissions leakage may occur.     

一种平面区域四边形网格生成方法

基于分层发散的思想 ,详尽地阐述了有限元法前处理中的网格生成方法 ;介绍了分层发散的网格生成中的布点、点的存贮、网格的划分、四边形单元质量判断及局部调整等内容 ,并给出了实例。     

Bio-Energy Systems at the Community Level in the South Pacific: Impacts & Monitoring

Read, Sims and Adams (2001) detailed a case study for bio-energy implementation in a notional small Pacific Island and elaborated a theoretical model for assessing and simulating the socio-economic impacts of a particular bio-energy system designed to produce an exportable liquid fuel along with rural electricity supplies. An important conclusion was that there is no silver-bullet ‘one size fits all’ bio-energy system suited to all situations. Moreover, a system appropriate at one place and time may become obsolete with exogenous technological advance and/or as a community advances down its own development pathway. In order to understand how these issues interact in practice, a selected set of implementation projects is reviewed highlighting scale, capacity, community, technology, governmental policy and the concept of critical mass, as factors that are central to the successful development of the bioenergy sector. Through this evaluation, it is shown that: 1.A significant biomass supply resource base often exists locally in the form of agricultural and forestry residues on which modern bioenergy programmes could be initiated. The use of biomass energy flow charts are an important tool for evaluating the potential of local and national resources. 2. Without an integrated multi-disciplinary, multi-sector and whole-systems approach to the implementation of bioenergy schemes, long term success is likely to remain elusive. 3. There is a requirement at the national level for a coordinated approach with strong policy signals that overcome perverse and practical obstacles.     

金属体积塑性成形过程数值模拟技术与仿真系统

介绍了金属体积塑性成形过程数值模拟方法、关键应用技术及其仿真系统的构成和国内外相关软件系统 ,对二维、三维有限元网格自动生成技术进行了较为详细的论述 ,综述了金属塑性成形过程优化设计方法、有限体积法以及无网格方法的国内外现状。最后给出了目前存在的问题及其将来应努力的方向     

Baseline options and greenhouse gas emission reduction of clean development mechanism project in urban solid waste management

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol as a flexibility mechanism to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and has been started with such projects as improving efficiency of individual technology. Although applying various countermeasures to urban areas has significant potentials for reducing GHGs, these countermeasures have not been proposed as CDM projects in the practical stage. A CDM project needs to be validated that it will reduce GHGs additionally compared with a baseline, that is, a predictive value of GHG emissions in the absence of the project. This study examined the introduction of solid waste incineration with electricity generation into three different cities, A, B and C. The combination of main solid waste treatment and fuel source are landfill and coal, respectively, in City A, incineration and natural gas in City B, and landfill and hydro in City C. GHG emission reductions of each city under several baseline options assumed here were evaluated. Even if the same technology is introduced, the emission reduction greatly varies according to the current condition and the future plan of the city: 1043–1406 kg CO₂/t of waste in City A, 198–580 kg CO₂/t in City B, and wide range of zero to over 1000 kg CO₂/tin City C. Baseline options also cause significant difference in the emission reduction even in the same city (City C). Incinerating solid waste after removing plastics by source separation in City B increased GHG emission reduction potential up to 730–900 kg CO₂/t, which enhances the effectiveness as a CDM project. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

油气包裹体在成藏年代学研究中的应用实例分析

本文介绍了烃类流体包裹体在油气成藏期次、成藏年代和成藏史研究方面的应用 ,讨论了该方法在成藏年代学研究中存在的一些问题。指出在运用流体包裹体均一温度进行成藏年代分析时 ,一般应采用共生盐水包裹体的均一温度。认为流体包裹体均一温度确定成藏年代的准确性 ,一方面取决于储层埋藏史和热史模型的可靠性 ,另一方面后期构造热事件也是可能的影响因素。后期热事件可能使包裹体最初形成时的均一温度发生再平衡 ,造成所测的均一温度高于成藏时实际的古地温 ,由此确定的成藏年代将比实际的成藏年代偏晚。