Microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process for treating dairy manure at low pH

This study investigated the treatment of dairy manure using the microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW-AOP) at pH 2. An experimental design was developed based on a statistical program using response surface methodology to explore the effects of temperature, hydrogen peroxide dosage and heating time on sugar production, nutrient release and solids destruction. Temperature, hydrogen peroxide dosage and acid concentration were key factors affecting reducing sugar production. The highest reducing sugar yield of 7.4% was obtained at 160°C, 0 mL, 15 min heating time, and no H₂O₂ addition. Temperature was a dominant factor for an increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the treated dairy manure. The important factors for volatile fatty acids (VFA) production were microwave temperature and hydrogen peroxide dosage. Temperature was the most important parameter, and heating time, to a lesser extent affecting orthophosphate release. Heating time, hydrogen peroxide dosage and temperature were significant factors for ammonia release. There was a maximum of 96% and 196% increase in orthophosphate and ammonia concentration, respectively at 160°C, 0.5 mL H₂O₂ and 15 min heating time. The MW-AOP is an effective method in dairy manure treatment for sugar production, nutrient solubilisation, and solids disintegration.     

后石油时代沙生灌木直燃发电对环境的影响＊

文章通过对内蒙古中西部地区沙生灌木的成分分析,基于生命周期法(LCA),定量论证了沙生灌木直燃发电开发模式对环境的影响和推广的可行性,指出相比石油等传统能源,这种模式具有较大的潜在效益,对于我国发展绿色替代能源,促进西部地区生态环境和经济协调发展具有一定的战略意义。     

流动注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中铅

采用流动注射-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的铅,工作曲线线性关系良好,检出限为0.25 mg/kg,相对标准偏差＜3.5%,加标回收率为93.0%～105%.该方法简便快速,测定结果准确可靠.     

海洋纤毛虫实验生态学研究Ⅳ:不同人工海水培养液及温度对扇形游仆虫种群增长的影响

为了揭示出海洋纤毛虫在人工海水中及不同温度下的种群动力学，利用实验生态学方法，就4种培养液及2种（17℃和23℃）温度对海洋纤毛虫扇形游仆虫（Euplotes vannus Mailer，1786）种群增长的影响进行了初步探讨．结果显示：①该种纤毛虫原生动物在4种人工海水培养液中的种群增长率大小顺序为：牛肉浸膏培养液〉米粒培养液〉酵母粉培养液〉蛋白胨培养液；②种群密度大小顺序依次为：米粒培养液〉牛肉浸膏培养液〉酵母粉培养液〉蛋白胨培养液；③指数增长期及稳定期在米粒培养液中均长于牛肉浸膏培养液；④随着培养温度的升高，种群增长率增大，指数增长期及稳定期缩短；⑤温度系数（Q10）的大小顺序为：蛋白胨培养液〉牛肉浸膏培养液〉米粒培养液〉酵母粉培养液．结果表明，米粒人工海水培养液不仅适合于保种培养，而且适合于种群的扩大培养，而牛肉浸膏培养液更适合于种群的快速扩大培养，其他两种培养液则只适合于保种培养．图2表4参13     

海洋纤毛虫实验生态学研究 IV:不同人工海水培养液及温度对扇形游仆虫种群增长的影响

为了揭示出海洋纤毛虫在人工海水中及不同温度下的种群动力学,利用实验生态学方法,就4种培养液及2种(17℃和23℃)温度对海洋纤毛虫扇形游仆虫(Euplotesvannus Müller,1786)种群增长的影响进行了初步探讨.结果显示①该种纤毛虫原生动物在4种人工海水培养液中的种群增长率大小顺序为牛肉浸膏培养液>米粒培养液>酵母粉培养液>蛋白胨培养液;②种群密度大小顺序依次为米粒培养液>牛肉浸膏培养液>酵母粉培养液>蛋白胨培养液;③指数增长期及稳定期在米粒培养液中均长于牛肉浸膏培养液;④随着培养温度的升高,种群增长率增大,指数增长期及稳定期缩短;⑤温度系数(Q10)的大小顺序为蛋白胨培养液>牛肉浸膏培养液>米粒培养液>酵母粉培养液.结果表明,米粒人工海水培养液不仅适合于保种培养,而且适合于种群的扩大培养,而牛肉浸膏培养液更适合于种群的快速扩大培养,其他两种培养液则只适合于保种培养.图2表4参13     

Relation of waste generation and composition to socio-economic factors: a case study

To develop an effective waste management strategy for a given region, it is important to know the amount of waste generated and the composition of the waste stream. Past research has shown that the amount of waste generated is proportional to the population and the average mean living standards or the average income of the people. In addition, other factors may affect the amount and composition of waste. These are climate, living habits, level of education, religious and cultural beliefs, and social and public attitudes. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in a suburban municipal area in Sri Lanka to determine the solid waste generation rate and waste composition based on field surveys and to determine the related socio-economic factors. A database was developed that included information on the quantity and composition of waste generated in a sample of households in the study area over a time period. The collected data was analysed to relate waste generation and composition data to various socio-economic factors. Over 400 sample households were selected for the study using a stratified random sampling methodology based on municipal wards and property values. A technique that considers both the number of households in a particular income group (property value range) and the standard deviation of property values within a given income group was used to determine the appropriate sample size for each municipal ward. Through category and regression analyses, the quantities of waste and waste composition were related to several socio-economic factors. The paper describes the basis for the sample selection, the methodology adopted for data collection, the socio-economic parameters used for the analysis, and the relationships developed from the analysis.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定环境水样中痕量锡

以醋酸 醋酸钠缓冲溶液为反应酸介质 ,应用氢化物发生 原子荧光法 (HG AFS)测定环境水样中痕量 Sn。该方法同 HCl为反应酸测 Sn方法相比 ,不仅扩大了酸浓度测定范围 ,某些阳离子干扰也降至最小或消除。其相对标准偏差(RSD)小于 3% ;回收率在 94 4 %～ 1 0 0 %之间 ;检测限为 0 76 μg L。     

发电集团应对新火电厂大气污染物排放标准的思考

新的火电厂大气污染排放标准重点加大了对火电厂大气污染物中NOx的控制力度,收严了SO2、烟尘等污染物排放限值,增设了汞及其化合物控制指标。该标准的实施对发电企业的生存和发展带来一定的影响,为了落实新标准,发电集团应在法律法规政策及技术产业方面采取相应措施,加快除尘、脱硫、脱硝、脱汞等新技术的研究和应用,从单一污染物的总量控制向多污染物协同控制转变,积极探索和思考发电集团绿色低碳发展的道路。     

A model for estimation of potential generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Brazil

Sales of electrical and electronic equipment are increasing dramatically in developing countries. Usually, there are no reliable data about quantities of the waste generated. A new law for solid waste management was enacted in Brazil in 2010, and the infrastructure to treat this waste must be planned, considering the volumes of the different types of electrical and electronic equipment generated.This paper reviews the literature regarding estimation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), focusing on developing countries, particularly in Latin America. It briefly describes the current WEEE system in Brazil and presents an updated estimate of generation of WEEE. Considering the limited available data in Brazil, a model for WEEE generation estimation is proposed in which different methods are used for mature and non-mature market products.The results showed that the most important variable is the equipment lifetime, which requires a thorough understanding of consumer behavior to estimate. Since Brazil is a rapidly expanding market, the “boom” in waste generation is still to come. In the near future, better data will provide more reliable estimation of waste generation and a clearer interpretation of the lifetime variable throughout the years.     

甘肃省风力发电现状及发展对策

介绍了甘肃省的风力资源及风力发电的发展现状,重点阐述了白银地区、玉门地区、酒泉瓜州、金昌地区、敦煌地区和武威地区等几个具有代表性地区的风能资源优势及风电建设情况,指出了甘肃省风力发电在技术和政策等方面目前还存在的主要问题,分析了产生这些问题的原因,提出了促进甘肃省风力发电事业发展的对策。