厨余垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷速率经验模型的修正研究

分别通过单相和两相厌氧消化实验,对厨余垃圾产甲烷累积产量曲线进行了拟合.结果表明,单相厌氧消化产甲烷累积产量曲线符合二次函数关系,相关系数(R2)为0.9982;两相厌氧消化产甲烷累积产量曲线符合线性函数关系,相关系数(R2)为0.9972.以拟合函数为基础,在考虑系统负荷的前提下,建立了基准状态下的产甲烷速率经验模型,通过引入pH抑制系数和氨氮抑制系数对建立的产甲烷速率经验模型进行了修正.对经验修正模型预测结果进行了实验验证及误差分析.结果表明, 在检验水平a=0.01条件下,单相厌氧第1组和第2组试验数据试验数据与模型预测值的显著性检验统计量F分别为486.22和268.63,均远大于临界值(F0.99(1,58)=7.12);两相厌氧第1组试验数据和第2组试验数据与模型预测值的显著性检验统计量F分别为421.69和372.56,也远高于其临界值(F0.99(1,58)=7.12).说明该模型能很好地预测单相和两相厌氧消化产甲烷累积产量,且计算过程简单.     

基于概率组合的水质预测方法

当前水质预测研究中,组合预测缺少一般框架性组合方法,概率性预测多以水质指标服从某种概率分布为前提.针对这一状况,提出了一种概率性组合预测方法.组合预测采用优势矩阵法对预测结果加权融合,能够有效改善预测效果,并可以进一步扩展新方法;概率性预测基于对历史预测的统计,并对其进行有效性检验,进而给出水质指标在一定置信度下的区间估计.将基于灰色模型群法和指数平滑法的概率组合预测方法应用于浙江鸠坑口进行预测实验,实验结果表明,组合预测方法的总体预测效果优于单一预测方法,统计概率有效性可以得到验证并且能够有效给出一定置信度下水质指标波动曲线的包络线.概率组合预测可以有效优化预测精确度和稳定性,能够成功给出概率性的预测结果,为进一步决策奠定了基础.     

环境混合物的联合毒性研究方法

人类和其他生物通过多重途径暴露于大量的环境污染物中。单一化合物由于其在环境中非常低的浓度使得人们忽视其可能的健康危害,然而,多种化合物在环境中同时存在,就意味着更加复杂的联合作用的可能性。Something from nothing现象引起了科学界对于环境混合物加和作用和潜在协同作用的关注,致使许多研究联合毒性的数学和生物模型的提出和应用。本文综述了这些研究方法,以及未来化学混合物研究和管理面临的挑战。     

基于多模式逆向水质模型的程海水位调控-水质响应预测研究

以云南省程海为例,基于CE-QUAL-W2计算平台开发了水动力-水质模型.由于程海现有的数据不足以支撑开发可靠的流域水文与污染物负荷模型,为弥补由此引起的水质模型边界条件缺失的限制,本研究提出了基于逆向模拟与遗传算法的多模式负荷-参数识别方法来实现对水质模型的校正和鲁棒校验.应用校验后的模型对程海不同水位调控情景的水质...     

液碳生产企业安全监控与自控系统开发

液态二氧化碳生产企业快速发展,规模逐年增大,安全监控与自动化水平不高导致事故风险日益升高。通过对液碳企业危险和风险分析,利用数据采集、实时数据库、参数监控、视频监控、预警报警、通讯和网络等技术,构建安全监控与自控系统,完成对液碳生产流程、有毒、有害、易燃易爆物品以及关键设备设施的动态监测、安全管理、智能分析、联锁控制、报警、应急辅助决策和统计查询等功能。安全监控与自控系统建设和实施可实现液碳生产企业安全、稳定、长周期、经济运行。     

盐度对MFC产电及其微生物群落的影响

本文研究了模拟废水中不同盐度对微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell, MFC)性能的影响.当向MFC中依次添加0,20,40,60,70g/L NaCl时,MFC的最大输出电压从660mV下降到130mV,库仑效率也从67%下降到4%.如果向MFC中直接添加40g/L和70g/L NaCl并运行两个周期后,MFC无电能输出,然而,停止添加NaCl(盐度解除)后MFC产电性能能够在60h内恢复.此外,当盐度高于40g/L NaCl时,阳极微生物群落发生明显的变化.研究结果可为MFC或其他生物反应器处理盐度废水提供一定的依据.     

Toxic effects of phosphoramidate on Paramecium sp. with special emphasis on respiratory metabolism,growth, and generation time

The toxicological impacts of the increasing number of synthetic compounds present in the aquatic environment are assessed predominantly in laboratory studies where test organisms are exposed to a range of concentrations of single compounds. Protozoan cells are often used as bioindicators for the presence of xenobiotic compounds. In this article, we describe the inhibitory effect of a synthetic phosphoramidate derivative at different concentrations (40, 60, and 80?µmol?L^?1) on Paramecium sp., affecting its growth (proliferation) in concentration-dependent manner, as well as the generation time and response percentage. The LC₅₀ value determined for these protozoa was estimated at 60?µmol?L^?1 on 24?h of exposure. The respiratory metabolism of protozoan is perturbed at three concentrations, noting that the oxygen consumption was significantly increased at high concentrations after 18?h of exposure. In addition, the data can be used as reference values in further testing with other pesticides.     

Control of hydrogen sulphide in digestor gas using iron salts

Different dosages of ferrous chloride and ferric chloride were added to digestors separately, and the volumes of methane and hydrogen sulphide contained in the digestor gas (biogas) were monitored. It was noted that the effects of adding of 16, 18 and 32 kg ferrous chloride/ tonne volatile solids, and 16 and 18 kg ferric chloride/tonne volatile solids were similarly effective in controlling the hydrogen sulphide levels.

According to an average amount of undigested sludge (primary sludge mixed with surplus activated sludge) of 41 tonne volatile solids produced each day during the sewage treatment process in Shatin sewage treatment works, and the required dosage of 16 kg ferric chloride/ tonne volatile solids, the amount of iron salts required should be 656 kg/day or 3.3 mg/L for the actual application, based on an average sewage flow of 200,000 m³/day.     

Defining and achieving sustainable development

SUMMARY

This paper analyses the fundamental problems of defining and achieving sustainable development. A common core of the various definitions of sustainability circulating is identified. Economic and scientific approaches to operationalize sustainability generally lead to management rules, which — if obeyed — should guarantee sustainability. Since it is not possible to precisely predict the future, this scientific—technical—economic route to sustainability may fail. A second, ethical way, to sustainability which interprets sustainability as an ideal for fair play is introduced. How the two different ways may complement one another with a three-step hierarchy of political goals is elucidated.     

太湖流域农村生活源产排污系数测算的相关方法及问题分析

以第1次全国污染源普查为背景,针对太湖流域农村生活源产排污系数测算过程中监测点的设置、监测采样和数据分析等问题进行重点分析.基于自然环境分区与经济收入水平分级和突出重点、合理布局的原则设置太湖上游监测点,划分6个类型区共计15个监测点,分有下水和无下水农户2种情况进行监测点建设;具体分析了农村生活污水和生活垃圾的采样步骤,并设计了生活污水、垃圾现场采样记录表,以利于数据记录和分析处理的标准化;依据Grubbs准则和Dixon准则进行监测数据结果的数理统计,选取Grubbs准则进行监测数据最大值或最小值的异常值检验.