生物多样性在路域植被恢复中的应用

从生物多样性的特点出发 ,根据公路路域的特点以及近年来公路绿化成功与失败的经验 ,探讨植物多样性在公路植被恢复中的应用。自然界中植物通过多种多样的组合体而存在 ,多样性是自然形成 ;利用植物多样性原理可以提高路域植被的恢复水平和景观效果     

A multilevel study of the relationships between diversity training,ethnic discrimination and satisfaction in organizations

The prevalence of diversity training has not been matched by empirical research on its effectiveness. Among the most notable gaps are an absence of attention to its impact on discrimination and limited consideration of organizational‐level factors. Results from employee surveys across 395 healthcare organizations reveal an effect of the extent of diversity training in organizations on ethnic minorities' experiences of discrimination. In addition, the results demonstrate that the consequences of ethnic discrimination for individuals' job attitudes are influenced by organizational‐level phenomenon. These findings highlight the importance of attending to ethnic discrimination as an outcome of diversity training with implications for employee attitudes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铜绿假单胞菌NY3及突变株代谢油污泥同步产胞外聚合物的特性

油污泥属危险性固体废弃物,大量排放已成为石化企业可持续发展的障碍。利用铜绿假单胞菌NY3及突变株,将油污泥转化为生物质,并研究了其特性。研究表明,NY3、NB1D、 NB2D及NB12DD均能降解油污泥中烷烃,但NY3、NB1D和NB2D菌对分子量较高烷烃(从C17~C32)的降解率比双突变菌NB12DD分别平均提高19.68%、28.76%和24.04%。铜绿假单胞菌NY3及突变株能直接将油污泥中烃类转化为胞外聚合物。与未加共代谢碳源相比,葡萄糖作为共代谢碳源时(培养液中表观油浓度达15 g·L-1),培养120 h后,NY3 、NB1D、NB2D、NB12DD菌胞外聚合物产量分别提高83.3%、79.8%、20.6%和62.9%,且碱性条件有利于各菌株高效降解油转化为生物质,pH为8~9时,其胞外聚合物产量均最高,分别达到8.1、4.34、4.94和7.15 g·L-1,野生菌NY3转化碳源为生物质转化率最高,为52.75%。结构和组成分析表明,胞外聚合物主要为糖蛋白,蛋白4.4%,总糖44.1%,蛋白与糖的连接方式为O-糖苷键链接,91.1%大分子粒径分布在33.0~716.9 μm范围。     

基于改进遗传-单纯形混合算法的危险气体泄漏溯源分析

当发生危险气体泄漏时,确定其泄漏位置和泄漏源强,是制定应急方案的基础和依据之一。当无法直接确定泄漏位置、测量泄漏源强时,就需要通过有限的几个监测点,反演出可能的泄漏位置和泄漏源强,现有方法存在收敛过慢、初值敏感、参数过多等问题。描述一种结合改进遗传算法和单纯形法的IGA-NM混合算法,可用于快速反算气体泄漏的位置和源强。IGA-NM混合算法既避免了GA的收敛过慢,又避免了NM初值敏感,兼顾了全局优化。与GA、NM相比,IGA-NM混合算法的计算速度更快,计算误差更小。最后,应用IGA-NM混合算法,基于WebGIS设计了一套计算气体泄漏源强和位置的计算机程序,简化了输入参数,使用方便,可适用于气体泄漏应急监测、大气污染源溯源反查等场合     

Bacterial diversity in paclobutrazol applied agricultural soils

The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial communities on paclobutrazol [(2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol]–applied agricultural soils by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments. Three different agricultural soil samples were collected from paclobutrazol applied mango and waxapple orchards, peanut fields and untreated rice fields as a control for DGGE analysis. The DGGE pattern of PCR- generated 16S rDNA gene fragments indicated that the bacterial populations from four paclobutrazol–applied soils of peanut fields were closely related to each other and two paclobutrazol–applied soils of mango and waxapple orchards harbored closely related bacterial communities. But, paclobutrazol–free agricultural soils comprised relatively a different bacterial group. However, the bacterial populations of mango and waxapple orchard are completely different from the bacterial communities of peanut field. Further purification and sequence analysis of 40 DGGE bands followed by phylogenetic tree assay showed similar results that soil bacteria from paclobutrazol applied mango and waxapple orchard are phylogenetically related. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the clone M-4 was clad 100 % (bootstrap value) with Mycobacterium sp. The Mycobacterium sp. has been proved to degrade the phenolic compounds such as phenol, 4-chlorphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and paclobutrazol molecule containing chlorobenzene ring.     

基于在线检测信息的储罐底板腐蚀状态智能评价方法

为了解决利用声发射在线检测技术对储罐底板腐蚀状态进行评价时,主要依赖检测人员经验的问题,使该项技术能更好地推广和应用,利用储罐底板在线检测的声发射信息和外观检查信息,并根据相关标准及专家经验,确定与储罐底板腐蚀状态相关的表征因素。采用遗传算法(GA)改进贝叶斯网络(BN)搜索方法,建立基于GA的BN智能评价方法。针对声发射在线检测信息和外观检查信息,分别建立基于标准用声发射因素、基于声发射因素和综合考虑声发射因素和外观检查因素的基于在线检测信息的储罐底板腐蚀状态评价模型。通过对测试样本的评价,对比声发射检测专家评价结果,其中基于在线检测信息的储罐底板腐蚀状态评价模型的准确率为96%,该模型能够对储罐底板腐蚀状态进行可靠的智能评价。     

A time‐lagged investigation of the impact of coworker behavior on the effects of demographic dissimilarity

Although it is clear that coworker absenteeism, tardiness, and turnover can influence an employee's actions, scholars have yet to consider the impact of relational demography on the adoption of these behavioral norms. Inspired by social identity, situational strength, and attraction‐selection‐attrition theories, we proposed that individuals who differ from their coworkers in age, sex, or racioethnicity would feel threatened by their outnumbered status and subsequently motivated to be absent, tardy, or more likely to turnover. However, we expected coworker withdrawal behavior to moderate whether or not dissimilar personnel act on these desires. Results from hierarchical multilevel modeling analyses of data from 470 U.S. call center workers nested in 51 work groups revealed that racioethnic dissimilarity was positively related to time‐lagged changes in absenteeism and tardiness as well as heightened turnover likelihood. These effects emerged only among employees whose coworkers engaged in greater withdrawal behavior. Importantly, racioethnically dissimilar employees working in more permissive climates (i.e., those with high levels of coworker absenteeism, tardiness, or turnover) exhibited the greatest increases in absenteeism and tardiness over three months and had the highest supervisor‐rated turnover likelihood. Implications for diversity management are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南海表层海水参与卡尔文循环的固碳基因多样性研究

为揭示南海北部表层海水中参与卡尔文循环的固碳基因多样性及其与环境因子的关系,本研究以卡尔文循环中的关键酶核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubis CO)的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型基因(cbbL、cbbM)作为分子标记,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对海水中的固碳基因多样性进行分析,并结合多元统计分析的方法,探讨了固碳基因多样性与环境因子的关系.结果显示,在南海北部表层海水中,含cbbL基因固碳基因主要归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其中,优势亚群分别是γ-变形菌亚门(45.3%)、蓝细菌(30.9%)和β-变形杆菌亚门(23.8%);而含cbbM基因的固碳菌群未检测到;近岸的A9站位与其他站位物种组成有一定的差异,异着色菌属(Allochromatium)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和硫单胞菌属(Thiohalomonas)为其特有菌属.相关性和冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,含cbbL基因的固碳基因丰度与水温、盐度呈显著负相关(p0.01),与硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硅酸盐呈显著正相关(p0.01).     

除草剂硝磺草酮对土壤微生物生态效应研究

采用室内培养试验,研究了硝磺草酮对土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性随硝磺草酮浓度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,但比对照处理都有所升高,分别增加了22.6%~41.0%和3.4%~54.2%,且在硝磺草酮浓度为50mg/kg时达到最大.与之相反,尿酶活性则降低了12.0%~18.6%,但差异性不明显(P > 0.05).施用一定浓度的硝磺草酮激活了土壤微生物活性,微生物群落丰富度、均匀性和多样性都呈增长趋势,单孔的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)值和利用速率均随硝磺草酮浓度增加而增大,微生物群落对碳水化合物类、氨基酸类、多聚物类、羧酸类、胺类和酚酸类利用率整体上均有所提高,与对照相比,最大增幅分别达到5.3、1.0、4.4、3.2、0.2和6.8倍,但不同浓度硝磺草酮处理下土壤微生物在利用碳源的类型上是存在一定的差异.     

Carrousel 2000氧化沟工艺中前置缺氧池与厌氧池的微生物多样性分析

2005年4—8月采集了Carrousel 2000氧化沟工艺调试过程中缺氧池和厌氧池中的活性污泥样品,直接提取样品的基因组DNA并纯化,对细菌16S rDNA的V₃高变区进行PCR扩增和DGGE分离,通过比较DGGE指纹的相似性来研究氧化沟的调试过程中微生物的变化情况. 结果表明,缺氧池中戴斯系数(Cs)最大值:4月为68.2%,5—6月为57.7%,8月为83.6%;厌氧池中Cs最大值:4月为64.8%,5—6月为62.7%,8月为71.5%. 缺氧池与厌氧池的微生物多样性均表现为先减少后增加的趋势. 两池间的微生物种群相似性逐渐降低,启动初期(4月)Cs最大值为80.5%;调试中期(5—6月)Cs最大值为60.8%;调试后期(8月)Cs最大值为59.3%. 好氧接种污泥在缺氧池和厌氧池中的驯化期为4个月左右.