基于空间场效应的陕西入境旅游流空间转移特征研究

选取不同时间断面的陕西与中国五大典型旅游区入境旅游流相互转移的有关数据和利用空间场效应理论对陕西入境旅游流空间场进行场能、位势及地域结构分析,研究其空间聚集效应、扩散效应和场效应交互作用影响下的旅游流时空转移规律及空间分布特征。结果表明,陕西入境旅游流空间场集聚效应强于扩散效应,且呈增强趋势;陕西与东部旅游区转移量大,与西部旅游区转移概率大,因此东部地区仍是陕西跨区域旅游合作的重点地域,而西部地区则是陕西加强旅游合作与建设的重要地区。     

基本农田保护政策的耕地保护效果评价

为分析基本农田保护政策对耕地保护的效果,论文把目标分解为两个问题,一是基本农田保护政策的实施是否对耕地流失面积的减少产生了影响;二是如果有显著影响,效果有多大,即因基本农田保护政策的实施,耕地流失面积减少了多少。论文收集了2004-2007年的省级面版数据,分别采用了固定效应模型、随机效应和混合OLS模型加以估计,固定效应和随机效应检验结果表明,固定效应和随机效应模型均不优于混合OLS模型。在模型估计结果的基础上,论文分析了基本农田保护政策对耕地流失的影响,并计算了基本农田保护政策的耕地保护效果。分析表明:①在2004-2007年期间,基本农田保护政策的实施对于减少耕地流失面积产生了显著影响,基本农田保护率每提高1%,每省每年平均耕地流失面积约能减少364.4 hm2;②由于基本农田保护政策的实施,2004-2007年期间,全国耕地流失面积分别减少了853 445.19 hm2,847 724.91 hm2,859 559.37 hm2和857 961.26 hm2,4年合计减少耕地流失面积3 418 690.73 hm2,约为期间实际耕地流失面积3 020 769.49 hm2的1.13倍。     

Tree-ring stable isotopes and historical perspectives on pollution - An overview

Hydrogen (δ²H), carbon (δ¹³C), oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes of tree rings growing in field conditions can be indicative of past pollution effects. The characteristic δ¹³C trend is a positive shift generally explained by invoking closure of stomata, but experimental studies suggest that increased rates of carboxylation could also generate such trends. In many cases the δ¹⁸O and δ²H values decrease in trees exposed to pollution and exhibit inverse coinciding long-term trends with δ¹³C values. However, some trees exposed to diffuse pollution and experimental conditions can show an increase or no δ¹⁸O change even if δ¹³C values increase. These diverse responses depend on how stress conditions modify physiological functions such as stomatal conductance, carboxylation, respiration, and perhaps water assimilation by the root system. Recent studies suggest that δ¹⁵N changes in trees can be caused by soil acidification and accumulation of anthropogenic emissions with isotopic signals deviating from natural N.     

Removal of phenol by activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field

A new process for removing the pollutants in aqueous solution-activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field was investigated for the removal of phenol under different conditions. The experimental results indicated the increase in removal rate with increasing applied voltage, increasing pH value of the solution, aeration, and adding Fe^2＋. The removal rate of phenol could reach 72.1% when air aeration flow rate was 1200 ml/min, and 88.2% when 0.05 mmol/L Fe^2＋ was added into the solution under the conditions of applied voltage 25 kV, initial phenol concentration of 5 mg/L, and initial pH value 5.5. The addition of sodium carbonate reduced the phenol removal rate. In the pulsed high-voltage electric field, local discharge occurred at the surface of activated alumina, which promoted phenol degradation in the thin water film. At the same time, the space-time distribution of gas-liquid phases was more uniform and the contact areas of the activated species generated from the discharge and the pollutant molecules were much wider due to the effect of the activated alumina bed. The synthetical effects of the pulsed high-voltage electric field and the activated alumina particles accelerated phenol degradation.     

Heavy metal exposure reduces hatching success of Acartia pacifica resting eggs in the sediment

The potential effects of three heavy metals （Cu, Pb, and Cd） on hatching success ofAcartia pacifica resting eggs in the sediment of Xiamen Bay were experimentally investigated. The number ofA. pacifica nauplii hatched from the sediment sharply decreased with the increase of metal concentration and exposure time from 3 to 30 d. An increase of the Cu concentration from 34.8 to 348 mg/kg, reduced the number of hatched nauplii by 46.6%-100%. An increase of the Pb concentration from 75.2 to 752 mg/kg, reduced the number of hatched nauplii by 21.4%-78.9%. An increase of the Cd concentration from 0.68 to 6.8 mg/kg, reduced the number of hatched nauplii by 31.6%-94.7%. The number of nauplii also significantly decreased with the increase of mixed-metal concentration and exposure time in the mixed-metal test. Trimmed Spearman-Karber analysis gave sediment metal 72-h LC50 values of 1.25 mmol Cu/kg, 1.73 mmol Pb/kg, and 0.054 mmol Cd/kg, which suggested that Cd was the most toxic to A. pacifica resting eggs in the three tested metals. The results indicate that heavy metals with higher concentrations can reduce recruitment of A. pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs to planktonic population.     

水样不同处理方式对总磷监测值的影响

研究了水样不同处理方式对三峡水库长江干流江段总磷监测值的影响.结果表明,悬浮颗粒物浓度(SS)是澄清样和浑样、清样和浑样、清样和澄清样总磷之间差别的主要影响因子;用非线性回归方法得出了水样不同处理方式下总磷间的经验关系式,并进行了验证.结果表明,计算值和实测值基本吻合.依据SS和所得经验关系,可计算磷在水-固两相之间的分配,及磷在粗颗粒物和细颗粒物中的赋存比例.河床上覆水体中溶解态磷、颗粒态磷及赋存于粗颗粒物上的磷所占比例皆随悬浮颗粒物浓度发生显著变化.SS大于500mg·L-1时,90%以上的磷赋存于悬浮颗粒物上,澄清样磷仅代表了整体总磷浓度的50%以下.     

芳烃类有机物结构与活性相关的模式参数研究

从理论上探讨有机物生物活性效应的相关模式,选用７种典型分子表征参数,对４７种芳香烃类有机物的大型蚤毒效应进行相关分析,结果表明,芳烃类有机物分子对生物活性的影响为：疏／亲水性＞电性效应＞空间效应,实验给出了多元优化回归方程。     

坝对环境影响的经济分析方法

修建大坝是社会性的大投资,其主要用途是供给生活及工业用水、能源生产、灌溉及防洪,除了这些直接效益外。坝及其水库储水还将产生一些相关的环境影响.本文简述了坝工程对水库流域的各种环境影响,着重阐述了用货币估价环境影响的经济分析方法。      

机器学习在微塑料识别与环境风险评估中的应用研究进展

微塑料是一种新型污染物,可以在环境中长期存在并造成生态风险.目前,微塑料污染已成为全球性的重大环境问题.借助新的技术途径,提高微塑料识别的简便性和可靠性,并系统分析各类环境介质中微塑料的污染特征,明确微塑料的环境效应,对科学准确评价微塑料污染的环境风险具有重要意义.机器学习技术通过学习和解析大量数据建立结果评估或预测模型,目前已广泛应用于微塑料领域的相关研究.机器学习的应用可以提高视觉和光谱识别微塑料的自动化程度和识别效率,为微塑料污染溯源提供方法支撑并有助于揭示微塑料的复杂环境效应机制.通过综述机器学习技术在微塑料识别与环境风险评估中的应用研究进展,概括了机器学习在上述方向的应用特点和局限性,为机器学习在相关方向的发展和应用提出建议与展望.