杂交水稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累:土壤和品种的交互影响

土壤-作物-食物是人类摄取Cd的主要途径,而水稻是籽粒Cd积累最强的粮食作物.选择2种杂交水稻(普通杂交稻“汕优63”和超级稻“Ⅱ优明86”)与乌栅土和红沙泥田2种水稻土为材料,采用添加Cd(2.5 mg/kg)和不添加Cd处理进行盆栽试验,研究了水稻在成熟期对土壤中Cd的吸收及籽粒积累特点.结果表明,杂交水稻对Cd的吸收及籽粒积累依土壤、品种及两者的交互作用而变化.杂交稻对土壤中原有Cd的吸收与积累,基因型影响高于土壤类型的影响,但对外源Cd的吸收与籽粒积累,土壤类型的影响强于品种基因型,而土壤与品种间的正交互作用(Cd吸收强的超级稻种植于土壤Cd化学有效性高的红沙泥田)可使水稻籽粒Cd积累成倍提高.说明在未污染条件下,杂交稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累主要受品种的吸收能力控制,而在污染条件下,土壤化学性质对Cd有效性的影响成为土壤-水稻系统Cd迁移的主要控制因素.本实验显示,在酸性土壤或污染条件下,超级稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累十分强烈,就地消费人群的籽粒Cd暴露风险水平达到数倍于临界摄入剂量水平.加Cd处理下,汕优63中Cd滞留于根部,而Ⅱ优明86有较强的将Cd向上运输的能力,Ⅱ优明86籽粒Cd积累的不利效应远远超过其产量的增加效应.因此,在高产水稻育种中必须考虑水稻对Cd吸收的基因型差异与籽粒Cd的暴露风险,推广高产杂交水稻根据其Cd的吸收特性考虑土壤-品种的合理布局.     

Prenatal molecular diagnosis of gaucher disease

Prenatal diagnosis of Gaucher disease, the most prevalent glycolipid storage disease, is based on a reliable enzyme assay of cells from amniocentesis or chorionic villous samples. However, this method cannot differentiate among the various forms of the disease. This report details four cases of prenatal diagnosis of Gaucher disease, three of which predate the use of molecular diagnosis. DNA mutation analysis to determine the genotype was predictive of the phenotypic status of the fetus and conformed to the genotype of an affected proband where available.     

磷胁迫对水稻基因型根系形态及吸收铁锰铜锌的影响

采用营养液培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫下4种水稻基因型(90-90—1、金23A、90-68-1、CDR22)的根系形态变化情况及其吸收微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌的影响。结果表明，(1)磷胁迫下，每个基因型在磷胁迫下其根系形态发生了明显变化、如根长、根冠比均呈增加趋势，并且根表有红棕色铁氧化物膜包被。(2)磷胁迫下根系形态的变化影响了水稻对生长介质中铁、锰、铜、锌的吸收：正常水稻植株中铁、锰、锌的含量高于磷胁迫植株，其中磷营养状况对水稻吸收铁、锰影响最明显；而磷营养状况对水稻植株铜含量的影响与铁、锰、锌正好相反，且影响程度较小。     

Linking Inbreeding Effects in Captive Populations with Fitness in the Wild: Release of Replicated Drosophila melanogaster Lines under Different Temperatures

Abstract:  Inbreeding effects have been detected in captive populations of threatened species, but the extent to which these effects translate into fitness under field conditions is mostly unknown. We address this issue by comparing the performance of replicated noninbred and inbred Drosophila lines under field and laboratory conditions. We asked whether environment-dependent effects of inbreeding can be demonstrated for a field-fitness component in Drosophila , the ability of flies to locate resources, and associated the results with results on effects of inbreeding investigated in the laboratory. Inbreeding effects were evident when releases were undertaken under warm conditions, but not under cold conditions, which illustrates the environment-dependent nature of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding effects were much stronger in the field at warm temperatures than in laboratory stress tests, particularly for females. Effects of inbreeding based on performance in traditional inbreeding assays (viability, productivity) or from laboratory stress tests poorly predicted performance in the field. Inbreeding effects on resource location in the field can be strongly deleterious under some thermal conditions and involve traits not easily measured under laboratory conditions. More generally, inbreeding effects measured in captive populations may not necessarily predict their field performance, and programs to purge captive populations of deleterious alleles may not necessarily lead to fitness benefits in the wild.     

砷污染土壤中不同基因型水稻根表铁膜的形成及其对砷吸收和转运影响

采用土壤盆栽试验法,研究6个不同基因型水稻品种根表铁膜形成及其对As吸收、转运的影响。结果表明,水稻形成根表铁膜在不同基因型品种之间差异显著（p<0.001）,其中品种94D-22形成铁膜量（以Fe含量计）是品种圭630的1.5~1.8倍,添加As处理对水稻根表铁膜形成影响不显著。低As含量的对照土壤中,水稻根表铁膜量与根系As含量存在着显著的正相关关系（r=0.657,n=24,p<0.01）,与As转移系数呈显著的负相关关系(r=-0.612,n=24,p<0.01）。土壤添加As后,水稻根表铁膜量与茎叶As含量存在显著的正相关关系（r=0.653-0.673,n=24,p<0.01）,与As转运之间无显著相关性。比较生长于As污染土壤的不同水稻品种,科优1360茎叶积累As较少,且其根系转运As能力也较差,而品种94D-22正好相反。研究结果表明,在As含量较低的土壤中,水稻根表铁膜的存在可成为根系As的障碍层,阻止As向地上部转运;但在As含量较高的土壤,根表铁膜的存在却促进了水稻茎叶对As的积累,其对As的转运没有显著影响。人们可通过作物品种筛选来防治土壤As污染危害、降低As对人体健康的威胁。     

不同水稻品种籽粒Cd、Cu和Se的含量差异及其人类膳食摄取风险

采用田间试验法,研究了江苏省57个水稻品种籽粒对太湖地区乌栅土中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收积累.结果表明水稻籽粒的Cd、Cu、Se含量的变化范围分别为0.099±0.039、4.86±2.595、0.035±0.007mg/kg,指示不同水稻品种对同一土壤中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收及其在籽粒中的积累存在有显著的差异.不同品种籽粒对Cu和Cd的吸收积累有同步的趋势,而高Se品种显示出抑制重金属Cu和Cd积累的倾向.不同品种籽粒中重金属含量的差异可能影响到人类重金属食物摄取的健康风险,57个品种中92%的样品的Cd含量超出USEPA推荐的人类摄取的籽粒临界含量.因此,在土壤重金属污染地区,必须密切注意高Cd、Cu吸收积累品种的大规模栽培.而筛选高Se低Cu、Cd的水稻品种进行品质育种是可能的.