Characterization of contamination, source and degradation of petroleum between upland and paddy fields based on geochemical characteristics and phospholipid fatty acids

To evaluate contamination caused by petroleum, surface soil samples were collected from both upland and paddy fields along the irrigation canals in the Hunpu wastewater irrigation region in northeast China. N-alkanes, terpanes, steranes, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in the surface soil samples were analyzed. The aliphatic hydrocarbon concentration was highest in the samples obtained from the upland field near an operational oil well; it was lowest at I-3P where wastewater irrigation promoted the downward movement of hydrocarbons. The Hunpu region was found contaminated by heavy petroleum from oxic lacustrine fresh water or marine deltaic source rocks. Geochemical parameters also indicated significantly heavier contamination and degradation in the upland fields compared with the paddy fields. Principal component analysis based on PLFA showed various microbial communities between petroleum contaminated upland and paddy fields. Gram-negative bacteria indicated by 15:0, 3OH 12:0, and 16:1(9) were significantly higher in the paddy fields, whereas Gram-positive bacteria indicated by i16:0 and 18:1(9)c were significantly higher in the upland fields (p < 0.05). These PLFAs were related to petroleum contamination. Poly-unsaturated PLFA (18:2ωup6, 9; indicative of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and fungi) was also significantly elevated in the upland fields. This paper recommends more sensitive indicators of contamination and degradation of petroleum in soil. The results also provide guidelines on soil pollution control and remediation in the Hunpu region and other similar regions.     

喀斯特高镉地质背景区水稻镉的富集、转运特征与机理

西南喀斯特地区土壤镉(Cd)具有"高地质背景、低污染风险"特征,但超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》风险管制值的区域是否仍具有低风险性,是迫切需要回答的问题.本文在罗甸县喀斯特峰丛谷地选择一个高Cd 土壤水稻种植区,开展土壤-水稻系统Cd含量特征和土壤Cd赋存形态等方面的研究,评价水稻各部位Cd的富集、转运...     

广花盆地地下水化学特征及其演化分析

粤港澳大湾区(简称大湾区)建设已经上升为中国国家重大发展战略,水资源保障能力提升是大湾区建设的重点内容。城市应急备用水源建设是解决区内供水风险、保障特殊时期供水安全的重要手段,查明水环境质量状况及其演化对于备用水源地的科学建设意义重大。以粤港澳大湾区应急备用水源地-广花盆地为研究对象,采集并测试了41口监测井水样的常规化学组分,利用主成分分析、元素比值和Gibbs模型等多种方法,探讨了地下水主要离子来源及控制因子,评估了水质状况。结果表明:地下水的TDS变化范围为51.42-1 293.36 mg·L-1,Cl-为1.81-858.65 mg·L-1,淡水样占比95.1%,微咸水占比4.9%,反映地下水化学具有较大的空间差异;地下水阳离子以Ca2+和Na+为主,阴离子以HCO3-和Cl-为主,为HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Na·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca和HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca型水;地下水的ρ(Na+)/ρ(Na++Ca2+)值为0.02-0.59,ρ(Cl-)/(Cl-+HCO3-)值为0.03-0.88,Ca/Na值为0.69-52.66,HCO3/Na值为1.28-41.64,据Gibbs模型和元素化学计量分析表明,其化学组成主要受含水层碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化控制;Na/Cl系数为0.31-6.39,局部地下水盐化明显,在北部高Cl-质量浓度区,其主要受古咸水与现代淡水混合影响,并有Na+与Ca2+离子交换,在南部的高Cl-质量浓度区,可能是海水沿流溪河咸潮上溯和河流侧向补给地下水所致;氨氮为0.05-7.50mg·L-1,有75.6%的样品超过Ⅲ类水标准,其主要来源为农业施肥、人畜粪便。由此,氨氮污染威胁地下水安全,作为应急备用水源应引起高度重视。     

亚高山旅游景区岩溶地下水水化学动态变化及其影响因素

岩溶地下水是岩溶区重要的水资源,因岩溶水文系统具有敏感性和脆弱性,其一旦遭受污染便很难再恢复。以重庆亚高山金佛山水房泉为例,通过计算2008年和2016年各水化学参数的浓度增降幅度和地球化学敏感性指数,对比分析各水化学参数及其地球化学敏感性变化特征。结果表明：水房泉水化学类型为Ca-HCO₃型,受水 岩作用控制。旅游活动产生的生活污水自2013年起被分成两条管道,住宿排污经过泉域内化粪池的沉淀降解后排入地下,使得2016年水房泉中K⁺、Na⁺、PO₄^3-浓度较2008年降低,显示化粪池对污染物具有有效的调节作用;而餐饮排污未经处理仍直接排入地下,导致流域出口水房泉中Cl^-、NO₃^-浓度呈翻倍增长,水质恶化。污水还加剧了碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,地下水中HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度上升。由于旅游高峰期与非高峰期的游客量差距逐渐缩小,2016年各化学组分的敏感性指数多低于2008年,地下水受旅游活动影响的时间变长;分别对比不同水文年各主量组分的敏感性指数大小和离子当量浓度大小,发现2008年两者排序基本一致,而2016年较为混乱,这可能表明研究区地下水系统逐渐从有序转向无序的状态,稳定性被破坏,熵值增大。     

Study of Geochemical Association of Some Trace Metals in the Sediments of Chilika Lake: A Multivariate Statistical Approach

In order to establish the natural processes and geochemical factors responsible for enrichment of trace metal ions (Cu, Co, Ni, Zn and Cr) with respect to textural parameters (sand, silt and clay weight percentages) along with depth, multivariate statistical approach has been carried out for sediments in different water zones of Chilika lake, the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia. The rotated varimax factor results reveal that Cobalt enrichment is controlled by both textural parameters as well as adsorption mechanism. In fresh and saline water region, textural parameters and in mixed water, adsorption phenomenon predominates. Zn in fresh water is related to clay, whereas it is in adsorbed state in mixed water. Cu in fresh water sediments is in absorbed state and in mixed water it is related to depth and Co concentration. Cr does not show any specific association in fresh water, but in both mixed and saline water it is associated with clay minerals. Although both textural parameters and adsorption mechanism play an important role for the enrichment of trace metal ions in these lagoonal sediments, their relative importance varies with specific metal ions as well as the water quality. Sequential extraction technique was used to characterize the various forms of metals in the < 63μ size sediments of Chilika lake. The concentrations determined indicated selective accumulation of the various metals in the different phases with spatial variability in different water zones. Slightly higher availability of Co and Zn near Balugaon township in exchangeable phase may be related to anthropogenic activities. Among the non-lithogenous (NL) phases, reducible phase associated with higher concentration of Ni, Cu and Cr. Organic bound Zn and Co contributed highest percentages among NL fractions. Residual fraction contributed more than 50% in most of the cases, reflected the predominance of physical weathering, high erosion rate along the drainage basin.     

长江口滨岸排污活动对潮滩营养盐环境地球化学过程的影响

华东师范大学地理系地理信息科学教育部重点实验室,上海200062     

浙江省土壤地球化学基准值与环境背景值

以浙江省农业地质环境调查取得的区域地球化学资料为依据,遵循地球化学背景值的基本概念,根据成土母质类型将土壤地球化学基准值划分成13个统计单元,土壤环境背景值以浙北杭嘉湖与宁绍平原、浙东沿海温黄与温瑞平原、浙中金衢盆地为统计单元,在反复剔除异常值后,获得52种元素(氧化物)的平均值、标准差和变异系数,为区域土壤环境质量标准的制订、土壤污染评价与修复提供了重要的地球化学依据.     

赛都金矿成矿地球化学环境

赛都糜棱岩型金矿是阿尔泰地区重要的金矿类型。本文较系统地论述了该类型金矿的成矿物质来源，成矿流体的地球化学，成矿作用过程中的稳定同位素地球化学等成矿地球化学环境，并推测了其成矿时代。     

川西石棉地区含金剪切带的地球化学标志及矿物组合

在扬子地台西缘的石棉地区 ,含金剪切带发育 ,并表现出明显的垂直分带特征 :由下而上依次为基底次级含金韧性剪切带→基底与盖层之间的含金滑脱韧性剪切带→盖层次级含金韧 -脆性剪切带 ,而各剪切带的特征各异 :地球化学标志 (由下而上 ;下同 )Pb、Zn→Te、As→Sb、As、S ;主要成矿元素Au、Pb(Zn)→Au→Au、Ag、Cu ;矿石中最常见矿物黄铁矿→黄铁矿→黝铜矿和黄铁矿。     

成矿流体地球化学界面:Ⅰ概念的由来及发展

成矿流体地球化学界面是成矿流体在运移演化过程中 ,由于成矿流体周围环境的突变、成矿流体演化的不连续性和成矿流体 -环境的相互作用结果等内外因素突变所造成的成矿作用突变部位。本文简要介绍了成矿流体地球化学界面的由来、发展、含义、组成及研究意义