High-risk behaviors while driving: A population-based study from Iran

Objective: Traffic injuries are becoming one of the most important challenges of public health systems. Because these injuries are mostly preventable, the aim of this study is to evaluate the four main high-risk behaviors while driving.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample from the population of Mashhad, Iran, in 2014. A checklist and a previously validated questionnaire for the transtheoretical stages of change model (TTM) were used for data collection. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 11.5 software with P <.05 statistically significant.

Results: Totally 431 individuals were included with a mean age of 30 ± 11.3 years. Forty-three percent (183) were male. The TTM model revealed that participants were mostly in pre-actional phases regarding not using a cell phone while driving (80%), fastening the driver's seat belt (66%), front seat belt (68%), and rear seat belt (85%) The penalty was a protective factor only for using cellphone (odd ratio [OR] = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68–0.98). Lower education (OR = 0.12, 95% CI, 0.01–0.94) and male gender (OR = 0.35, 95% CI, 0.14–0.83) were indicative of lower rates of fastening the front and rear seat belts.

Conclusion: The stages of change model among study participants is a proper reflection of the effectiveness of the current policies. More serious actions regarding these high-risk behaviors should be considered in legislation.     

海底管道泄漏油气扩散规律数值仿真与对比分析

为研究海底原油与天然气单相泄漏扩散规律的差异性,合理制定应急响应策略,减小事故损失,针对海底管道失效所致的原油与天然气泄漏问题,基于计算流体动力学CFD方法,建立海底油气管道泄漏事故后果预测与评估模型,对特定事故场景下的海底原油与天然气泄漏扩散过程进行模拟与分析,从泄漏扩散过程、工况因素影响、泄漏后果及应对策略4个方面对比原油与天然气的泄漏扩散特性。结果表明:相同工况下,海底原油与天然气在泄漏速率、扩散时间、扩散形态及水平最大扩散距离方面存在显著差别;与天然气相比,原油泄漏扩散行为对工况因素具有更高的敏感性;原油泄漏会引发严重的环境灾害,天然气泄漏则会影响海上结构物的稳定性及引发火灾爆炸事故,据此需合理制定具有针对性的应对策略。     

A spectral power analysis of driving behavior changes during the transition from nondistraction to distraction

Objective: This article investigated and compared frequency domain and time domain characteristics of drivers' behaviors before and after the start of distracted driving.

Method: Data from an existing naturalistic driving study were used. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was applied for the frequency domain analysis to explore drivers' behavior pattern changes between nondistracted (prestarting of visual–manual task) and distracted (poststarting of visual–manual task) driving periods. Average relative spectral power in a low frequency range (0–0.5 Hz) and the standard deviation in a 10-s time window of vehicle control variables (i.e., lane offset, yaw rate, and acceleration) were calculated and further compared. Sensitivity analyses were also applied to examine the reliability of the time and frequency domain analyses.

Results: Results of the mixed model analyses from the time and frequency domain analyses all showed significant degradation in lateral control performance after engaging in visual–manual tasks while driving. Results of the sensitivity analyses suggested that the frequency domain analysis was less sensitive to the frequency bandwidth, whereas the time domain analysis was more sensitive to the time intervals selected for variation calculations. Different time interval selections can result in significantly different standard deviation values, whereas average spectral power analysis on yaw rate in both low and high frequency bandwidths showed consistent results, that higher variation values were observed during distracted driving when compared to nondistracted driving.

Conclusions: This study suggests that driver state detection needs to consider the behavior changes during the prestarting periods, instead of only focusing on periods with physical presence of distraction, such as cell phone use. Lateral control measures can be a better indicator of distraction detection than longitudinal controls. In addition, frequency domain analyses proved to be a more robust and consistent method in assessing driving performance compared to time domain analyses.     

Understanding the context of alcohol impaired driving for fatal crash–involved drivers: A descriptive case analysis

Objective: The objective of this study was to understand the social context and circumstances surrounding alcohol-impaired driving prior to fatal crash involvement for drivers with an illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC ≥ 0.05 g/100 ml or 0.00 g/100 ml for restricted license holders).

Methods: Coroners' case reports investigating fatal crashes in South Australia over a 3-year period (2008–2010) were examined. The personal and crash characteristics of drivers with an illegal BAC were compared with those who had a legal BAC. For each driver with an illegal BAC, information was recorded including characteristics of last trip, location and social context of alcohol consumption, quantity and type of alcohol consumed, BAC level, presence of drugs, perceived alcohol intoxication, and alcohol dependence. Official traffic offense records were also obtained.

Results: Of the 284 fatal crashes included in the study, 34% (n = 95) involved a driver or rider with an illegal BAC. Prior to the crash, alcohol was most frequently consumed by drivers in rural areas, within private homes, and was part of normal social activities. Drivers recorded a high level of alcohol impairment, with a mean BAC of 0.173 g/100 ml and a level of alcohol dependence that was above the Australian national average (7.4 vs. 3.9%). In addition, 23% of drivers were known to be experiencing psychological stress at the time of the crash. The results also confirm that drink driving recidivism continues to be a significant problem, with 44% of drivers recording at least one prior alcohol driving offense.

Conclusions: Alcohol-impaired driving continues to be a leading cause of fatal crashes. The popularity of drinking at home, particularly in rural areas, has implications for police enforcement strategies and suggests that drink driving interventions that focus on community values and looking after friends might be beneficial. Importantly, the study highlights the need for a broader holistic approach to reduce the high levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence underlying drink driving behavior.     

城市居民垃圾分类行为影响路径研究——差异化意愿与行动

运用计划行为理论和A-B-C理论,结合强政策背景下上海垃圾分类的实际,完善居民生活垃圾分类行为测量量表,改进并区分居民垃圾分类目标意愿和执行意愿,构建城市居民垃圾分类行为影响路径理论模型.基于“2019年上海居民垃圾分类行为”调查数据,覆盖上海16个区县的2555有效样本,运用结构方程模型验证强政策背景下居民环境态度、主观规范和感知行为控制对垃圾分类行为影响路径.结果表明：环境态度、主观规范、感知行为控制分别对居民垃圾分类目标意愿和执行意愿有显著正向的影响.环境态度分别通过目标意愿和执行意愿对垃圾分类行为产生间接效应.主观规范和感知行为控制并没有通过两类意愿对垃圾分类行为产生间接效应.垃圾分类的政策效能感在目标意愿对垃圾分类行为效应中起到了调节作用.虽然环境态度、主观规范、感知行为控制可以促进公众垃圾分类行为目标意愿和执行意愿的形成,但仅有环境态度可以通过激发公众目标意愿和执行意愿进而形塑居民垃圾分类行为.     

乳化纳米铁浆液在含水层中的迁移特征研究

本文主要研究地下水修复试剂乳化纳米铁（EZVI）在含水层中的迁移特性和影响因素.一维模拟柱实验考察EZVI的穿透曲线和模拟柱中分布情况.结果表明：乳化植物油对纳米铁的改性显著提高了纳米铁在含水层中的迁移能力,EZVI的迁移距离为未改性纳米铁的2~3倍;EZVI中的乳化植物油会随水流迁移,分别形成纳米铁反应带和植物油反应带;岩性对迁移的影响表现为介质粒径越大,越有利于EZVI的迁移,且EZVI在粗砂中的迁移能力是细砂的1.9倍;注入速率通过影响纳米铁迁移到含水层介质表面的几率影响迁移行为,注入速率越大,迁移距离越长;共存离子对乳化纳米铁的迁移性能影响不大,会引起微量的铁的损失.最佳迁移效果的条件是3cm/min的注入速度,2g/L的注入浓度.     

湿热海洋环境下接插件带电腐蚀行为研究

目的针对湿热海洋环境下接插件带电腐蚀行为进行研究,为接插件材料的选材设计、维护和更换等提供科学依据。方法采用温湿度记录仪以及无氧铜测试片等对三亚自然环境试验站的腐蚀环境进行监测,分析环境条件的变化规律,同时通过湿热海洋自然环境暴露试验对电路板贴片式和插针式接插件的带电和不带电的腐蚀行为进行研究,分析接插件在两种工况下的腐蚀行为规律及差异。结果三亚湿热海洋大气环境1—3月份呈干湿交替循环,每天至少发生1次循环,每天平均潮湿时间分别为6.0,7.4,11.6 h。1—3月份的环境腐蚀性均为GX级,其中3月份腐蚀环境较1月2月更加严酷。贴片式数据通信接插件在带电和不带电工况下湿热海洋环境自然暴露3个月后,腐蚀行为基本相似,无明显差异,接触电阻没有发生变化,绝缘电阻均降为107?,金属元器件均未发生明显腐蚀。插针式接线端子在带电和不带电工况下湿热海洋环境自然暴露3个月后,接触电阻未发生变化,但腐蚀行为存在明显差异,在不通电流工况下,螺钉发生严重腐蚀,绝缘电阻下降为106?,而在3 A电流通电工况下,螺钉未发生腐蚀,绝缘电阻均大于109?。结论湿热海洋环境下电流对不同接插件腐蚀行为影响存在差异,对贴片式数据通信接插件腐蚀行为基本不影响,对插针式接线端子腐蚀行为存在一定的保护作用。     

环境态度及其与环境行为关系的文献评述与元分析

为总结梳理环境态度定义、测量方法、影响因素及其对环境行为的影响,采用文献综述与元分析（meta-analysis）的方法,检索Elsevier ScienceDirect数据库、Web of Science Core Collection数据库、中国人民大学中文学术资源发现平台和中国知网（CNKI）中有关环境态度的文献,并从检索出的652篇相关文献中筛选出202篇核心文献、提取出43篇实证文献,对环境态度与4类环境行为之间的关系进行定量分析.结果表明,从环境态度定义和测量方式来看,国内外研究者对环境态度有着诸多定义,但都集中在“情感”“信念”“行为意图与倾向”等心理学方面;环境态度的测量方式也较多,诸多测量量表被开发,其中新环境范式量表和新生态范式量表在该领域占据着重要地位.从环境态度的影响因素来看,众多研究者从心理学和社会人口学方面进行研究,国外研究者对这两大方面有着广泛研究,价值观和道德、性别、年龄、收入、教育和知识皆为研究热点,而国内研究者比较注重环境知识这一影响因素.环境态度与环境行为之间综合相关系数为0.309（P < 0.001）,环境态度与环境行为之间呈显著正相关关系.分别考察环境态度与回收行为、能源消费行为、绿色购买行为以及出行行为等4类环境行为间的关系发现,环境态度与绿色购买行为综合相关系数为0.334（P < 0.001）,高于回收行为、能源消费行为和出行行为.研究还显示,在4类环境行为中,绿色购买行为与环境态度的相关性最强:一方面,环境态度有利于促进环境行为,因此可以通过教育、宣传等干预手段提高公众的环保态度,从而促进各类环保行为.另一方面,环境态度对于不同类型环保行为的促进效果是不同的,因此为促进公众的绿色购买行为,可以考虑增加对环境态度的教育和宣传,提高公众的环境态度;而对于促进节约用水、用电等能源消费行为,则不仅需要提高公众的环境态度,还需要结合其他更有效的干预手段（如价格干预、提示标志等）.      

三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的影响

为揭示水位涨落形成系列淹水梯度对消落带土壤重金属含量的影响,论文采集三峡水库忠县消落带土壤,分析了不同淹水深度土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量,并探讨了这些重金属元素物质来源及其与三峡水库水位涨落关系。结果表明：1）不同淹水深度下消落带土壤重金属含量差异较大,长期淹水土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量远远高于短期淹水和未淹水土壤,Cr则在不同淹水深度略有变化;2）除Cr相对独立外,不同淹水深度下土壤SOM、pH与土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量密切相关,但pH、SOM间仅有微弱的相关关系;3）因子分析中因子1和因子2对Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的累计贡献率为93.47%,Cu、Zn、Cd在第一轴载荷值为0.962、0.967、0.925,Cr在第二轴载荷值为0.998。研究发现：1）重金属输入来源和流向异质性是决定不同淹水深度Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量差异的重要原因,长期淹水显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量,但对Cr效应并不明显;2）区域土壤内Cr主要来源为自然源的土壤侵蚀和母岩风化,Cu、Zn、Cd来源于人为输入的库岸输入和长江上游来水悬浮颗粒沉积,应引起足够重视。