基于交通心理的行人不安全行为研究

基于交通心理学原理,对城市行人交通不安全行为进行研讨.分析了行人出行认知心理与行为的关系,给出行人信息处理过程的概念模型,指出行人的认知心理状态与交通事故关系密切.以定性分析的方法,把行人不安全行为归为有意和无意两类,从主客观方面分析行人心理对不安全行为的影响.通过实际交通调查及对实测数据的统计处理,表明行人交通安全意识淡薄,性别、年龄和有无驾照对行人交通安全意识有重要影响;系统分析了行人不安全行为的心理因素.从行人心理角度考虑,给出了一些相应的改善行人交通不安全行为的教育、管理、法制方面的建议和预防措施,例如:从行人心理角度对过街设施进行合理设置,从驾驶员心理角度考虑改善行人交通安全,对人行天桥和地道进行人性化设置等,将心理学行为矫正法原理应用于行人交通管理中.     

基于元胞自动机的弱视条件下群体疏散的仿真研究

根据人在弱视情况下的行为特征,建立基于元胞自动机的逃生模型,对弱视情况下的人群疏散进行了模拟。模拟过程中考虑了人的学习能力及人与人之间的相互作用等因素,模型加入吸引子使模拟人的疏散行为更为灵活。基于人能通过熟悉周围环境作出合理判断的学习能力,引入了"积累步长"的概念,使人的沟通判断能力(走过的路径、边界和出口位置通过交流能够获取)在模型中得到体现。获取足够信息的人可以避免多余的寻找,降低了逃生时间,体现了"人多力量大"的互助行为。通过大量的模拟实验,并讨论不同的环境条件对人群疏散的影响。     

Evolution of male mating behavior: male spadefoot toads preferentially associate with conspecific males

The evolution of male breeding aggregations is difficult to explain because males may reduce their reproductive success by associating with their closest competitors. We examined aggregative behavior by male New Mexico spadefoot toads, Spea multiplicata, which form breeding choruses in rain-filled pools. We specifically asked whether males are attracted to conspecific calls and, if so, whether they preferentially associate with those male calls that are also attractive to females. Field observations revealed that males showed significant clustering with conspecifics within breeding ponds, whereas laboratory phonotaxis experiments revealed that males preferentially associated with conspecific male calls. Moreover, when males were presented with conspecific calls that differed in call rate, smaller males associated with the stimulus preferred by females (average call rate). Thus, males appear to evaluate the attractiveness of competitors using the same trait employed by females to assess potential mates, and males adjust their positions relative to competitors depending on their size. We discuss these results in the light of several current hypotheses on the adaptive significance of male breeding aggregations. Received: 20 December 1999 / Accepted: 18 March 2000     

Induction of host specificity in larvae of Manduca sexta: chemical dependence controlling host recognition and developmental rate

Summary. The tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is a specialist on Solanaceae. This host specificity is induced as the larva feeds on solanaceous foliage, so that solanaceous-reared larvae will refuse to feed on other plants. Experiments were designed to determine the role of dietary constituents on the induction of host specificity and the effects of these on development of M. sexta. Choice assays using leaf discs of cowpea, Vigna sinensis (Fabaceae), were used to monitor the isolation of relevant chemical cues from foliage of potato. An aqueous extract of potato foliage strongly stimulated feeding. This extract was partitioned with n-butanol under alkaline conditions to obtain a highly active butanol extract. Reversed phase flash chromatography with a water-methanol gradient gave an active fraction that was used as a supplement for wheat germ-based artificial diet. Larvae reared on this s-diet became dependent on potato allelochemicals for initiation and continuation of feeding activity. These larvae also developed faster than larvae reared on the control p-diet, but no effect on adult mass was detected. Further flash chromatography of the active fraction under alkaline conditions provided a highly active sub-fraction, and semi-preparative HPLC using gradients of water and acetonitrile resulted in the isolation of a single compound. Bioassays indicated that this compound alone can account for host recognition by solanaceous-reared larvae. The results suggest that the mechanism of induced host specificity in M. sexta involves development of dependence on this compound. Received 21 December 1999; accepted 14 March 2000     

青年旅游者乡村旅游消费行为实证分析——以成都市为例

国内不少文献对乡村旅游消费者行为做了实证研究,但专门针对某一年龄群体的研究却不多。事实上,不同年龄的旅游消费者的心理特征有很大的差别,表现出不同的旅游消费行为。以成都城郊乡村旅游地为例,采用问卷调查和现场访谈结合的方法,从出游意愿、时空行为、出游方式、消费行为和旅游偏好等方面对18—30岁的青年旅游者消费行为做了详细分析,试图发现青年旅游者的消费行为规律,提出开发青年旅游者乡村旅游市场的建议。     

How green is your thumb? Environmental gardening identity and ecological gardening practices

For gardeners, the garden is a significant aspect of identity. The number of people who garden and consider themselves environmentally friendly is growing. This exploratory study investigated whether “environmental gardening identity” is a measurable construct that motivates environmentally-friendly home gardening cultivation practices above that predicted by the previously validated environmental identity scale (EID, Clayton, 2003). A mail questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 800 urban-suburban self-identified gardeners (61% return rate.) The survey contained four sections: (1) the environmental identity scale (EID); (2) a new scale instrument designed to measure environmental gardening identity (EGID), (3) multiple choice questions addressing specific gardening practices, and (4) demographic questions. Results show that environmental identity, as measured by the EID, significantly predicts ecological gardening behavior. Additionally, it was found that the environmental gardening identity scale (EGID) comprises five subscales, all of which are highly correlated with the environmental identity scale (EID), and three of which explain the variability in gardening practices above that explained by the EID. However, it does not appear that these three subscales of the EGID specifically measure identity. Additional analyses show that respondents' reasons to have a garden are linked to the strength of both EID and EGID, especially for those respondents who garden as a way to connect with nature.     

The role of perceived government style in the facilitation of self-determined and non self-determined motivation for pro-environmental behavior

Most North Americans are concerned about the environment and feel that responsibility for its protection lies primarily with government; however, no research to date has examined the influence of the government's approach toward environmental regulation on the motivation of individual citizens. According to self-determination theory, social contexts that support one's autonomy should facilitate self-determined motivation and social contexts that thwart autonomy should lead to non self-determined motivation and a sense of apathy or amotivation. In this study (n = 283), we examined the influence of perceptions of the government's approach toward environmental regulation on motivation toward the environment and frequency of self-reported pro-environmental behavior (PEB). Using structural equation modeling, we tested the hypothesis that frequency of PEB is predicted by motivation toward the environment and that motivation is predicted by the extent to which individuals perceive the government to be autonomy-supportive versus controlling in the implementation of environmental policies. The analysis revealed that perception of government autonomy-support contributed positively to autonomous motivation and negatively to amotivation, while perception of government control was positively related to both controlled motivation and amotivation. As predicted, autonomous motivation was positively, and amotivation was negatively, associated with frequency of PEB.     

Multi-biological defects caused by lead exposure exhibit transferable properties from exposed parents to their progeny in Caenorhabditis elegans

Whether the multi-biological toxicity from lead exposure could be transferred to progeny has not been clarified.In the present study,we explored the Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities from lead exposure and their possibly transferable properties.The lead exposure could cause series of severe multi-biological defects with a concentration-dependent manner by affecting the endpoints of life span,development,reproduction and locomotion behaviors in nematodes.Moreover,most of these toxicities could be transferred to progeny from lead exposed animals and some of the defects in progeny appeared even more severe than in their parents,such as the body sizes and mean life spans.We summarized the defects caused by lead exposure into three groups according to their transferable properties or rescue patterns.That is,the defects caused by lead exposure could be largely,or partially,or became even more severe in progeny animals.Therefore,our results suggest that lead exposure can cause severely multi-biological defects,and most of these multiple toxicities can be considered as transferable for exposed animals in C.elegans.     

畜禽养殖户生态认知及行为决策研究——基于山东、安徽等6省养殖户的实地调研

食品安全及生态环境恶化问题日益成为社会广泛关注的焦点.而畜禽产业中的养殖环节更是同时关系着这两个焦点问题,尤其是养殖户的生产行为不仅决定着产品质量安全,更直接影响养殖区域的生态环境,与产品安全及环境保护息息相关.本文利用山东、安徽、湖北等6省271份调查数据,从养殖户生态认知角度出发,采用logistic模型,对养殖户生态行为决策影响因素进行了实证分析.结果显示:养殖户个人特征对其生态行为决策影响不大,而养殖户家庭年纯收入、养殖规模、是否参加养殖培训、是否进行过产品质量安全检测以及养殖户生态认知等5个因素对养殖户生态行为决策具有显著影响.这表明,为进一步规范养殖户生态行为决策,提高养殖户生态认知、加大农村技术培训以及加强政府对养殖者生产行为的监管尤为重要.     

中华鲟幼鱼生理生态行为研究进展

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)是珍稀鲟类,属极危物种。大坝建设造成水流状态、水温、水质、底质等因素的变化以及环境污染对中华鲟生境造成破坏,受到环境胁迫导致生理生态行为的变化对其生存、生长具有重要的影响。中华鲟幼鱼保护是中华鲟种质资源保护的重要环节,本文结合文献综述了中华鲟幼鱼的洄游、摄食、游泳行为以及环境污染对中华鲟幼鱼的生理生态行为影响的研究进展,以期为后续中华鲟行为的研究和其保护提供参考。