南京市PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及健康风险

监测分析了南京市浦口区典型工业区(2016年12月—2017年10月)PM 2.5中金属元素的浓度,分析了季节差异及来源,评价了健康风险。结果表明,PM 2.5年均值为61.24μg/m 3,全年有33.33%的天数超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)的日均限值。绝大多数金属元素的平均值为:冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。As的全年平均值为(2.01±1.09)ng/m 3,较为接近我国环境标准限值。PM 2.5中金属元素主要来自工业排放、自然过程、金属冶炼及交通活动,Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的富集性较高。健康风险评价结果显示,Mn的非致癌风险最高,所有金属对儿童和成人的总非致癌风险值为0.0884,低于安全阈值1;Cr(Ⅵ)的致癌风险最高,所有金属对儿童和成人的总致癌风险分别为6.23×10-7和2.49×10-6,均在可接受水平内。     

Potentially toxic elements in some fresh water bodies in Ethiopia

A total of thirty three water samples were collected from Tinishu Akaki River, Lake Awassa, and Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. Multi-element determination of trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in water samples was carried out by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after acidification with 1% HNO₃. The concentration (in µg?L^?1) of the elements were in the range of 1.0–19, <0.42–83, 1.1–1580, <45–1760, <0.11–2.0, 0.43–13, 0.77–13, 6–300, <0.94–2.0, <0.3–1.5, <0.012–0.63, 0.13–4.8, <0.29, and 0.2–7.2 for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb, respectively. The concentrations of all the quantified elements, with the exception of Mn, were in the range of the permissible limits of the Ethiopian, European Community, and World Health Organization for both drinking water quality guidelines and irrigation water guidelines. The accuracy of the method was validated by analyzing trace elements in water standard reference material (SRM 1643e). The measured values of trace elements in the SRM agreed well with the certified values at the 95% confidence level.     

Trace metal concentrations in cigarette brands commonly available in Turkey: relation with human health

In this study, the concentrations of Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cd were determined in 15 cigarette brands from Turkey by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A wet digestion method was employed to cigarette samples. The mean values obtained for Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cd were 1.2, 4.1, 134, 14, 66, 3.7, 5.0, and 1.1?µg?g^?1, respectively, i.e., in the order of Fe?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Cr?>?Ni?>?Pb?>?Co?>?Cd. The results were compared with the literature values for other international cigarette brands.     

Concentration profiles of various toxic and non‐toxic elements in sized coal fly ashes from coals of the León basin

The concentration levels of major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Ti) and some trace (Be, Se, Tl) elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry for the coal fly ashes emitted in the combustion of anthracite and soft coals. Total contents and concentration profiles were established for all elements studied as a function of the mean particle size. The content of those elements volatilized during coal combustion (Se, Tl) decreases with increasing particle size, while the unvolatilized elements show small changes in their concentration profiles. The content of aluminium shows a minimum level at a mean particle size of about 25 μm.     

Trace element uptake in plants grown on fly ash amended soils

Four crop plants were grown in a greenhouse in soils amended with 0, 5, 10, and 20% by weight of coal combustion fly ash to evaluate potential trace element uptake by the vegetation. The leaves and stems from each plant were harvested and analyzed for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, Tl, and Zn content during early, middle, and late growth. The trace element data were statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine whether the trace element uptake in the four crop plants differed significantly between the soil treatments, and to identify significant differences in trace element uptake through time. The results show that the amount of amended fly ash does not significantly influence the concentration of most trace elements in plant tissue, and that some concentrations actually decrease with time. Although this study did not find a significant increase in trace element uptake, care must be taken in a natural environment where plants may behave differently.     

因子分析法提取临沂商品城剖面微量元素地球化学特征及古气候意义

运用因子分析法分析了临沂商品城沉积剖面特征微量地球化学元素及其比值,揭示了沂河中游末次冰消期至中全新世的气候演变过程.结果表明,沂河中游末次冰消期至中全新世沂河中游气候演变经历了6个阶段:(1)16866—13630 cal a B.P.末次冰消期气候冷干;(2)13630—10440 cal a B.P.气候回升但在11868—10440 cal a B.P.,气候突然变得冷干,基本上可以与YD气候事件相对应;(3)10440—8672 cal a B.P.进入全新世后气候以冷湿为主;(4)8672—6755 cal a B.P.大暖期气候不稳定波动剧烈,气候干湿交替,以暖湿为主;(5)6755—5850 cal a B.P.气候趋向干旱化;(6)5850—4698 cal a B.P.气候转向暖湿.     

Trends and Seasonality in the Nitrate Concentrations and Loads of the Bere Stream (Dorset) for the Period 1966-1986

Neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of the elemental composition of different plants and soils. Variations in concentrations of elements during the day were found. Mean concentrations, standard deviations and relationships between elements in soils and different parts of plants were studied. It was shown that the behaviour of chemical elements in samples from urban and unpolluted areas have significant differences.     

Cd-Cu-Pb复合污染对芥菜吸收Cd、Cu和Pb及矿质元素的影响

以十字花科的芥菜为材料,通过室内盆栽均匀设计试验,研究了Cd-Cu-Pb复合污染下芥菜对重金属的吸收转运特点以及对矿质元素吸收的影响. 结果表明:3种重金属在芥菜体内积累能力为Cd＞Cu＞Pb;芥菜对Pb、Cd有较强耐性,对高浓度Cu耐性不强. 土壤中重金属的含量是影响芥菜各部分重金属含量的主要因素之一;Cd可抑制芥菜对Pb的吸收和转移,促进Cu向芥菜地上部转移;Cd-Pb复合效应促进了Cd在芥菜体内累积;Cu抑制芥菜吸收Pb;Cu-Pb可促进Cd抑制Cu在芥菜各部的积累. 与对照相比,复合污染显著降低了芥菜对矿质元素的吸收累积,各处理芥菜对Mg、Fe和K的吸收转移特点显示出相似的规律,即地上部w(Mg)远大于地下部而w(Fe)和w(K)为地下部占优. Cd可极大促进芥菜对K的吸收而抑制对Fe的吸收,Cu则阻碍地下部对K的吸收;Cu与Cd-Pb复合效应可抑制K向地上部转移.      

开滦矿区煤伴生元素土壤地球化学分布模式及成因

唐山开滦煤矿已有百余年的开采史. 经河北平原多目标区域地球化学调查发现,Se、Hg、Mo、Zn和U等微量元素在矿区表层土壤(0～20 cm)中呈异常分布,故利用相关性分析、多元统计分析等地球化学方法,研究Se、Hg、Mo等微量元素土壤地球化学空间分布模式及其成因. 结果表明:以Se元素为代表的土壤微量元素异常与煤田分布范围几乎一致,Se、Hg和Mo等微量元素只在表层土壤富集. 土壤中Se与有机碳(OC)、S等煤炭伴生元素呈高度正相关,R(相关系数)分别为0.88和0.77. 煤炭开采、运输产生的扬尘以及燃煤产生的烟尘是形成Se、Hg等微量元素表层土壤异常分布的主要原因.      

Trace element concentration in wheat grain: results from the Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments and national monitoring program

Concentrations of trace elements in wheat grain sampled between 1967 and 2003 from the Swedish long-term soil fertility experiments were analyzed using ICP-MS. The long-term effect of inorganic and organic fertilization on trace metal concentrations was investigated including the impact of atmospheric deposition and myccorhiza, whereas other factors such as soil conditions, crop cultivar, etc. are not discussed in this paper. Mean values derived from 10 experimental sites were reported. Significantly declining Pb and Cd concentrations in wheat grain could be explained by lower atmospheric deposition. Mean Se contents in all samples were 0.031 mg kg⁻¹ grain dry weight. No samples had sufficiently high Se concentrations for human (0.05 mg Se kg⁻¹) or animal demand (0.1 mg Se kg⁻¹). Concentrations of Co in wheat grain were extremely low, 0.002–0.005 mg Co kg⁻¹ grain dry weight, and far below the minimum levels required by animals, which applied to all fertilizer treatments. A doubling of Mo concentrations in grain since 1975 resulted in Cu/Mo ratios often below one, which may cause molybdenosis in ruminants. The increase in Mo concentrations in crops correlated with the decline in sulfur deposition. Concentrations of Cu and Fe declined in NPK-fertilized wheat as compared to unfertilized or manure-treated wheat. Very low concentrations of Se and Co and low concentrations of Fe and Cu require attention to counteract risks for deficiencies. The main characteristic of the study is that there are few significant changes over time between different fertilizer treatments, but throughout there are low concentrations of most trace elements in all treatments. In general, good agreement between concentrations in wheat from the long-term fertility experiments and the national monitoring program indicate that values are representative.